Prostate Cancer

PSA test results are interpreted as: 0-4 ng/mL is normal. Between 4 to 10 ng/ML is 25% of developing cancer, and > 10 ng/ml is a > 50% risk of cancer. However, some men with normal PSA levels still have prostate cancer, while other men with high PSA levels do not. PSA levels increase with age often due to a higher prevalence of benign prostate hypertrophy (BPH). Therefore, no PSA cutoff can accurately guarantee that a man does not have prostate cancer.

Another method to detect this cancer is with a Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA). Protein in the blood that is produced only by prostate cells is reflected the volume of both benign and malignant prostate tissue in the PSA. The higher the PSA level is the more likely it is that Prostate Cancer present. (“Prostate

Sometimes cancer cells can break away from the tumor and travel to other parts of the body. Body fluids that carry cancer cells from the tumor to other parts of the body

During the digital rectal examination (DRE) evaluation of the prostate size and contour are assessed. Normal prostate volume in a young man is approximately 20 g which is about one fingerbreadth on examination. Most asymptomatic men have glands of 2 fingerbreadths or less (Deters, 2015). Decreased anal sphincter tone or lack of bulbocavernosus muscle reflex can signify an underlying neurological disorder. A urinalysis and urine culture along with a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test will also be done to confirm diagnosis. If the symptoms are moderate to severe then a blood creatinine may be down to see how well the kidneys are functioning. A post-void residual urine test measures the amount of urine left in the bladder after urinating. Pressure flow studies measure the pressure in the bladder wall while urinating. A cystometrogram measures the bladder’s pressure, complaince, and capacity to store urine. Other tests maybe warranted if there are further complications with BPH or if other causes may be present. An ultrasound may be ordered to check the size and structure of the kidneys, bladder, and prostate. A cystoscopy allows a doctor to look inside the urethra and bladder to see just how much of the prostate is blocking the urethra. An intravenous pyelogram uses X-rays to show the function of the kidneys and the flow of the bladder from the kidneys to the bladder. A spiral computed tomography uses X-rays to

Based on the studies of Chen et al., we now know that approximately 70% of prostate cancer arises in the peripheral zone and most of

However, subsequently continuous research, shows very low rate of mortality due to the use of PSA and following on the procedure had to be legalized, but can only be repeated every two years or more. PSA quantities can also be used to classify the prostate cancer tumors either high risk, intermediate, or low risk tumors. A PSA level higher than 20ng/ml indicates that the cancer is high risk and with this level there is not much that can be done to help the patient. When the PSA level is at 10ng/ml or less, it indicates that the cancer is low risk and with early detection can be controlled through treatments and other management methods. PSA levels of between 10-20ng/ml are indication of intermediate level of prostrate cancer and can easily be managed through continuous care and treatment (Matthews,

The patient is a 62 year old male who presented to the GP with an increased tenderness of the pubic region, his systems also included increased frequency of urination. His blood profiles were normal except for prostate specific antigen (PSA) level of 10ng/ml, which significantly above normal for a man of 62 years (which is 4ng/ml). This increased PSA level is indicative of three conditions, prostate cancer, prostatitis and an enlarged prostate (James Catto, 2009).

Malignant tumor or malignantneoplasm, also known as cancer, is a disease caused by abnormal cell growth. The cell is potential to spread to other parts of the body. But not all tumors are cancerous such as benign tumors. They do not invade to other parts of the body. Some people may have symptoms such as abnormal bleeding, a prolonged cough, a new lump, unexplained weight loss, and a change in bowel movements among others. But those symptoms do not only indicate cancer, they can also occur because of other issues. Actually, there are over 100 different known cancers that affect humans.

Prostate cancer is abnormal cells that grow within the prostate gland and can spread to other body systems. Prostate cancer begins when cells in the prostate gland start to grow uncontrollably. The prostate is a gland found only in males. It makes some of the fluid that is part of semen. Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in men in the United States and the fourth leading cause of death in black men overall. Studies show that black males are more than twice likely to die of prostate cancer than other counterparts.

This report provides a holistic scope of prostate cancer (PCa) from prevention, pathology, diagnostic screening, pharmacology, and treatment methods. It also incorporates statistical data, and provides a case study that helps the prospective nursing student to analyze its implications for their practice. The current methods for PCa diagnostics is often times not conclusive, and this causes a controversial decision to be made by the patient and the healthcare provider to either perform a surgery to remove the prostate, or a wait-and-see method of progression. The gold standard for diagnostic screening for PCa has long been prostate specific antigen (PSA); however newer methods are coming to light that enhance the PCA screening by adding additional biomarkers and advanced algorithms that help to reduce over-diagnosis of PCa. The bright side to this disease is two-fold: it mainly effects those in older age, and early detection can account for a 95% success rate up to 15 years after detection.

A study that was done by Chen et al observed that androgens like testosterone were vital in the growth and maintenance of prostate cancer. Subsequently, they gave large doses of these androgens to rodents. The other observations included the incidence of prostate cancer was very low in men who were castrated, and androgens stimulate the in vitro

Unlike many other cancers and serious health problems, prostate cancer does not usually show its symptoms during the earlier stages of its development. This can make it a lot more dangerous than many other cancers and in the US; it ranks amongst the top four most commonly diagnosed cancers (alongside breast, colorectal and lung).

The testicals on the male body are apart of their reproductive system. The testicles are two golf ball size glands held in the scrotum right below the penis. The testicles is where sperm is held and it is also where the hormone testosterone is made. Testicular cancer is located at the testicles. With timely diagnosis, testicular cancer is most likely treatable and curable. The most common age to get testicular cancer is between the ages 15 to 34 years old. The amount of men that will be diagnosed with testicular cancer is about 8,700 men. People can actually die from testicular cancer but it is highly unlikely to happen. The amount of men that will die this year of testicular cancer is roughly 380 men. There is three stages

Prostate is an exocrine gland of the male reproductive system, and exists directly under the bladder, in front of the rectum. Prostate cancer is most common cancer among men (older than 65 years) after skin cancer. But it can be treated successfully. Some are slow growing and some are relatively fast growing. They can travel through blood vessels to reach other parts of the body and attach to the tissues of that part to grow and form new tumors and damage that tissue. Growths in prostate can be benign (don’t invade the tissues around them and don’t spread to other parts of the body) or malignant (can invade nearby organs and tissues such as bladder or rectum and can spread to other parts of the body).

Normally, cells in the body divide and reproduce regularly to keep our body functioning properly. Sometimes though, cells reproduce uncontrollably or do not die when needed. These cells, which we call cancer cells, build up and form tumors, which are solid masses of tissue. Tumors are aided by cancer cells and can be malignant or benign. If the tumor is malignant, then it spreads to and invades nearby tissues. Benign tumors do not spread but are usually very large.