The Economic Repercussions of Racial Inequality in United States Education
Introduction
Racial inequality persists in the current U.S. education system, despite nationwide efforts to promote the acceptance of students of all racial and ethnic backgrounds. Minority students, most notably African American and Latino, receive lower qualities of education compared to the Caucasian majority and are, as a result, at an indisputable disadvantage after primary and secondary education. According to a 2014 study conducted by the U.S. Department of Education, “students of color in public schools are punished more and receive less access than white students to experienced teachers” (Abdul-Jabbar 31). Higher suspension rates and an increased frequency of corporal punishment use, allowed in 19 states as of 2014 according to Business Insider (Adwar), for minority students are two disciplinary examples of underlying racial discrimination with the current U.S. education system. Economic repercussions of racial inequality in education have been proven to include wealth gaps, higher unemployment rates, and financial instability for minorities in later life. Due to the prominence of racial segregation within schools, it remains a controversial point of debate in modern-day society, resulting in attempts such as affirmative action to establish racial equality in education. In Grutter v. Bollinger (2003), the United States Supreme Court declared affirmative action to be a justified policy in the
The topic of Race and education stems from our country being divided for a long time among class and race. There is no doubt that if you have a better social standing in society chances are your education will be better. This is not to say people haven’t broken down barriers because they have in order to receive quality education for themselves without the use of much funding. People are motivated to have their children learn as much as can and acquire academic scholarships so they can provide a quality life for their children, but the cycle of being born into that quality life does give a child a head start. In this paper, I will illustrate all of this by showing the history of Race and education, conflict theory
For my historical conversations project, I want to focus upon the racial bias that is present within and negatively impacts our modern education system. I want to illustrate that racial bias is still present today, despite any major counter arguments, through two major factors including: faculty support towards colored students vs. non-colored and the distribution of school funds upon being dependent upon the ethnic make-up of the student population. I want to make this point to show how the U.S. education system has yet to achieve equal education opportunities for everyone, greatly affecting the success rates throughout a wide array of institutions from lower grade public schools to higher education at the university level. Even though I am
An achievement gap between White students and students of color has been documented consistently at all education levels. Racial inequality in education is a serious problem in the United States. The Educational Longitudinal Study carried out in 2002 examined the relationship between race and composite reading and math scores among Black and White students. A total of 8,315 tenth grade students were included in this analysis. The results showed a difference in test scores between Black and White students with Whites scoring higher than Blacks (Rowely & Wright, 2011).The findings from this study suggest that discrimination based on race as well as family factors outside the school setting contribute to this difference
In this paper, I will explore the aspects regarding racial inequality pertaining to education in the United States of America. It has come to my attention, based on my observations, that race is a definitive factor that plays a role in establishing socioeconomic status. In relation to socioeconomic status, variables correlating with race that I will be focusing on, is the educational and wealth aspects. An individual’s level of education is pivotal to establishing stable, consistent wealth and vice-versa; the access for quality education is inconsistent primarily among minority races/ethnicities. According to historical records ranging from the year 1980 to 2000, between Whites, Hispanics, African-Americans, and Native Americans, the educational attainment gap is widening (Kelly 2005). Education is seen to be a source of respect and key to gaining a higher income, which transfers over to greater wealth. Acknowledging the slow expansion of the educational attainment disparities, I argue that the society’s perceptions and actions addressing race perpetuates and produces social inequalities by limiting opportunities despite “equal” resources, privileges, and rights through social policies that have contributed towards the quality of America’s education system.
Racial disparities exist in every aspect of our society. It exists in religion, socioeconomic status, life-chances, media, etc. It affects everyone even if they realize or not. Education is one of the things that are also affected by the racial stratification occurring in the United States. In this paper I will look in to whether Tennessee is better or worse for educational advancement by comparing four races and their high school graduation rates on the national and state levels. The four races used will be; Asian, Black, Hispanic/Latino, and White. I will then tie specific theories to why these disparities may exist. This will hopefully give insight in to this touchy topic and provide a starting point for correcting the gap.
It should be on revelation that African Americans like other minority groups are already receiving an unjust education compared to their white counterparts. Being an African American in today’s education system can already be considered a disadvantage, and from multiple sources such as; Brookings.edu article over “Unequal Opportunity: Race And Education” and Pew Research Center.org article over “On Views of Race and Inequality, Blacks and Whites are Worlds Apart”, all the data can be traced back to African Americans falling behind on the achievement scale and the educational gap only continuing to rise, and this is without the negligence of Ebonics being factored in.
I met Elias G, a black student who lives in my neighborhood and is learning about Anesthesia, at the Foothill College Cafeteria. In this personal interview, he emphasized that none of his close African American friends in his high school have entered universities. As for why, he argues that inequality still remains in college admissions and scholarship systems. Today, higher education seems to be considered the only way in which one can move his social status up in the nation. As a result, many politicians and leaders in the country have emphasized the importance of education. A number of policies regarding education have been published, executed, and planned by those already highly educated in the nation. These policies have been truly successful
While the educational gap among high-income neighborhoods and low-income neighborhoods is large, there is also a large gap between white and minority students in the United States. Educational opportunities for students have continued to be separate but equal; In the article “Unequal Opportunity: Race and Education” by Linda Darling-Hammond, she draws attention to “the striking differences between public schools serving students of color in urban settings and their suburban counterparts, which typically spend twice as much per student for populations with many fewer special needs” (Darling-Hammond). Students in states with low educational funding budgets and students who go to schools where the majority of students are minorities, often do
For the first century of the United States, Congress had a restricted but active position in education, which expanded after the Civil War in 1865. At that time, the federal government mandated new union states to offer free public schools and established an early form of the Department of Education. From the late 1930s to the early 1990s, the Supreme Court's opposition to congressional power decreased, clearing the way for a greater federal role in education. The federal role in education increased as Congress provided funding for the construction of schools, teacher salaries, and school lunch programs. However, this assistance was geared toward wealthier school districts, which negatively impacted poorer, urban schools (Martin, 2012).
Social Class is a position held by an individual composed of combinations of parental education, parental occupation status, family income and wealth. Students whose parents have higher levels of any of these traits of class, more often than not, have better opportunities. Essentially, education and opportunities stem from money. If a parent has a higher income, they’ll be able to provide more help to their children if they’re falling behind in school. Also, they have the ability to assist in paying for college and those with higher education feel the need to help their children with paying for college. The more money parents have, the better the schools, and the better the education. Another factor that plays in the role of education inequality
The racial achievement gap is a highly talked about issue within education in the United States. It refers to the differences in standardized test scores between black students and white students. Even though this issue is still prevalent today, it has improved greatly from the past. Ever since Brown v. Board of Education, where the supreme court ruled that it was unconstitutional for schools to be racially segregated, the racial achievement gap has become smaller. However, it still exists which has led many people to wonder why and design experiments to figure out what could be causing it. The racial achievement gap is a big issue because it shows that black students are falling behind in school which can lead to them not going to college or dropping out. It is also an issue because all students deserve to have an equal education and they should all have a chance to succeed in life. In order to fulfill equal education for everyone, the reasons for the achievement gap need to be found and fixed. Some people have already investigated independent variables that could impact the achievement gap such as personal faith, self-affirmation, and students schoolmates. However, not many experiments have been done to test the impact of unequal spending per pupil on the racial achievement gap. In this paper, an experiment will be designed to investigate the possible effects it has on the gap with a hypothesis that the unequal spending increases the achievement gap.
In his article “Dilemmas of Racial Inequality in American Higher Education”, Robert Teranishi – a professor of Education, and the Morgan and Helen Chu Endowed Chair in Asian American Studies- explores “the importance of Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders (AAPIs) to our nation’s higher education priorities.” (5) Teranishi conducts “the study of AAPIs college participation within a broad set of conditions through which all students must navigate as they pursue higher education.” (5) He mainly focuses on the effects of individual agency, social conditions, and organizational structures of how they influence each other in a result of a severe gap in educational mobility. In other words, Teranishi addresses the dilemmas of racial inequality in American Higher Education in the aspects of stereotypes, racial stratification, and broader issues about the racial inequality.
Based on the first school of thought, scholars argue that racial inequality plays a significant role in the SAT. Many scholars expand on the idea that SAT testing limits racial diversity and builds a racial gap. (Brookings) Among many studies, Saul Geiser found that the most influential factor in account to testing variation is based on race. According to his findings, he has determined that “race has now become more influential than either family income or parental education as a determinant of test performance”. (Geiser, 2015) Other scholars state that although the SAT scores can predict student success in higher education institutions, the SAT score also reflects racial inequalities. (Shaw, 2015). Initially, the need for standardized testing
Building wealth becomes increasingly unmanageable without steady employment, but the unemployment rate for people of color has been consistently twice that white people, regardless of the fluctuations in the economy. An education is a way to help you achieve that goal. However, the rate for unemployment for blacks with college degrees is twice as high to be unemployed than all other graduates, according to The American Non-Dilemma: Racial Inequality Without Racism, a book published by Nancy DiTomaso, a professor of sociology, at Rutgers University who lectures inequality and organizational diversity. This is because applications with white-sounding names have a fifty percent chance higher than black sounding names to get callbacks, even when the resume does not change. Previous to the business opportunities, a person must obtain an education.
Racial inequality is when there are “imbalances in the distribution of power,economic resources, and opportunities”(Shapiro). According to Justia, a website administered by lawyers and attorneys “Title IX, [along with] many other federal laws prohibit education discrimination on the basis of protected characteristics, including race, age, and national origin”(Justia). This is a national law protecting all ages and more importantly races from discrimination in our education system. Title IX is a section in the United States Education Amendments that prohibits any type of discrimination towards any type of race, sex, and background. In our education system today, children among all face racial inequality and can harm their future if they continue to get the same treatment they still get today. Most may not see it but it is real, but kids are affected. Schools not getting enough funding to help the students can harm how things turn out to not having the same opportunities as others, and in return, they don't get a fair chance in life.