Racially Restrictive Tax Research Paper

America has had discrimination against minorities for a long time and it will continue to have it until people treat minorities with respect. Discrimination is when people treat minorities bad because of their skin color, ethnicity and the place they were born. For immigrants, the problems they had to arrive to America were not a good experience only by the struggle to gain acceptance among the population. Most immigrants came to the U.S. to have a better life and give education to their children. Almost all immigrants have experienced discrimination at some point in their life and even some are still experiencing it today. Most Latinos don’t have a choice but to deal with it because they know they are illegal and they can’t say anything

New England colonists attempted to give all people a plot of land that was the same size. In the Articles of Agreement, article three states “that every inhabitant shall have a conventional proportion for a house lot, as we shall see fit for everyone’s quality and estate” (Document D). This document talks about how the plan for colonists in new England was to make it so that all men were treated equal, as they believed was the case in God’s eyes. However, this plan was far different than what was used in the Chesapeake colonies. Carolinian land was given to those who could afford the trip, at 150 acres per family member. However, slaves were counted as family members, so the rich who could afford lots of slaves were given huge plots of land incredibly disproportional compared to the plots of lands to middle class farmers. These humongous plots of land led to the rice and indigo plantations along the coast or Carolina. The large variance from smaller plots to large plantations in the Chesapeake colonies caused a great difference in how land was given as well as the variance from the wealthiest to the poorest in terms of the amount of land they were

The origin of the covenant dates back to ancient Hittite civilizations, and was widely common during various periods in the Bible. Covenants (or treaties) were necessary for a

In Michigan, the terms of a Master Deed, Bylaws or other restrictive covenant are contractual in nature. See Rossow v. Brentwood Farms Dev., Inc., 251 Mich.App. 652, 658, 651 N.W.2d 458 (2002). The Michigan Courts have generally held that a Master Deed, Bylaws or other restrictive covenant are to be enforced as written.

In fact, Harlan emphasizes that a legislative body should not take race into account when considering the rights of citizens. The statute of Louisiana, however, does perpetuate race-based discrimination even as it pretends to grant equal rights to both white and African-American citizens, thereby contradicting the Thirteenth and Fourteenth

2. “No negro or freedman shall be permitted to rent or keep a house in town under any circumstances. No negro or freedman shall live within the town who does not work for some white person or former owner.”

Much of America’s history has been saturated with situations dealing with race and the people associated with them. It is impossible to talk about the founding of America without looking at the invention of race. This is because race was intricately embedded in the foundation of America through the two part process of racialization. Through this a dichotomous race structure was developed and implemented. This was carried out mainly by the U.S. government, which used policies, social arrangements, and institutional patterns (class notes 10-6-10) to further embed race into American society. The government helped to increase white’s superiority. When the government could not do it all publicly they brought in the private sector. The public

One of these cases was Smith v. Allwright. The outcome of this case declared that Texas' exclusion of black voters from primary elections, known as the "White Primary", unconstitutional. By winning this case Marshall not only paved the way for the removal of black voting laws, but he also made it public that the Supreme Court was no longer going to ignore the constitutional rights of African Americans, that had been discounted by state legislatures since the Civil War. In yet another governmental policy altering case Shelley v. Kraemer in 1948 the Supreme Court agreed with Marshall that courts could not enforce "restrictive covenants," private agreements not to sell land to blacks. (3) This time Marshall directed a blow at the state level courts, forcing them to become aware of the nation's new found view of civil liberties. In Sweat v. Painter in 1950 and in Sipuel v. University of Oklahoma in 1948, Marshall won unanimous decisions declaring "separate but equal" facilities for black professionals as well as graduate students in state universities unconstitutional. (3) First the state

In Document D this is evident for Massachusetts where it says “That every inhabitant shall have a convenient proportion for a house lot, as we shall see [fit] for everyone's quality and estate. . . .” meaning that every person was equal under this law and deserved their right to property. But in Document F in the Jamestown colony John Smith writes “The worst [among us were the gold seekers who] with their golden promises made all men their slaves in hope of recompenses.” Meaning they made all these Indians slaves in hopes to find gold to compensate for this trip.These are two very different mindset this started to become the norm for both

Johnson, H. B. (2014). The American dream and the power of wealth: Choosing schools and inheriting inequality in the land of opportunity. Routledge.

Distinguished in chapters three and four of The Color of Law, racial zoning is a way for organizations to manipulate and control what neighborhoods African-Americans and other ethnic minority groups reside in. Due to this, many of African-Americans viewed racial zoning as a serious threat to their well-being in the United States. With the help of Jim Crow laws, exclusionary zoning, and the "On-Your-Own-Home" campaign, banks and real-estate agents had provoked economic discrimination towards various ethnic minority groups. Furthermore, through the concepts of dysfunctionalism, social inequality, latent functionalism, and Eurocentrism as seen in The Real World, racial zoning has negatively affected African-Americans from breaking out of what the world considers them to be.

and Ethel Lee Shelley moved into their new home with their six children at 4600 Labadie Avenue, with the help from their pastor, Robert Bishop. Just a few days later, they received and eviction notice from Louis and Fern Kraemer. The Shelleys had apparently unlawfully purchased a building which was “covered” by restrictive racial covenant. The growing use of racial covenants to maintain residential apartheid led the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People to begin, in 1922, a legal campaign against their enforcement. “The issue is much broader than that of simply preventing discrimination against negroes,” the NAACP noted in 1930, “for already such restrictive covenants have been used against Jews and Catholics.” Thurgood Marshall, NAACP special counsel, guided the attending lawyers toward a coordinated legal campaign in courts around the country, designed to force the Supreme Court to accept on or more cases for decision. William K. Koerner was appointed judge of the case. George Vaughn argued against the covenant. He pointed out that there are five houses on the block had been occupied by blacks and nice out of the thirty-nine owners on the block in 1911 had failed to sign the document. Judge Koerner’s refused to enforce the covenant against the Shelleys because of the nine initial owners did not sign. In December of 1946, the Missouri Supreme Court reversed Judge Koerners’ decision. Judge James N. Douglas held that “the agreement by its terms intended to cover only the property of those owners who signed it.” “it must have been their intention to prevent greatly increases occupancy by

Discrimination lingers under the diversity of the United States. Minorities across the country are targeted and eventually fight for their respect or learn to ignore the harassment. These struggles have caused beautiful revolts and renaissances throughout history. What are a few examples of these cases?

The word ‘covenant’ is, in the Old Testament, it is the Hebrew word ‘berith’ and is used

The Old Testament is a work that is saturated with the theme of Covenant. There is an ebb and flow of the epic history of the Old Testament. According to some theologists, a covenant was not just an agreement or or a contract; it was a solemn bond established between two or more parties. For example, in Exodus when God flooded the earth, He sent a rainbow to Noah to make a covenant with him and the people of the earth that he would never destroy the earth again with water. A covenant also involved a firm commitment to the relationship. There is a slight difference between a covenant and a contract, however. Covenant involves a person’s whole being for the rest of their life.