Most therapists agree that the same standards of psychotherapy apply to children, but what differs is the methods we practically apply when dealing with children. (Reisman and Ribordy, 1993)
The early pioneers, 1880 to 1940
The early pioneers were Sigmund Freud, Anna Freud, Melanie Klein and Donald Winnicott, Carl Jung, Margaret Lowenfield, Alfred Adler. Sigmund Freud developed concepts such as the conscious, unconscious, subconscious and super conscious mind. We will look at Freud and in particular Anna Freud, Melanie Klein and Donald Winnicott's contribution to child psychology.
Freud spoke about the id, ego, and superego developing concepts such as transference and free association. Anna Freud (3 December 1895 – 9 October 1982) was the
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This theory is based on operant conditioning. 1960 onwards Beck (1963), 1973) Ellis (1962) and Glasser (1965, 2000) developed, Cognitive Behaviour therapy (CBT). Ellis believed in challenging individuals and older kids with their irrational beliefs and replacing them with rational beliefs. He originated the Rational Emotive therapy, which is now referred to as Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy (REBT). Glasser was the originator of Reality Therapy later called Control theory or Choice therapy. This theory involved the client taking responsibility for their choices and behaviour. This theory is useful after the client has gained awareness of their thoughts, words and actions and its impact on self and others. In 1986 Richard Sloves and Karen Belinger-Muhammedlin introduced time-limited play therapy (1986). It involves brief therapy and finding solutions rather than working on the origins of the problems. White and Epston developed the narrative therapy, which involves separating the problem from the client and helping clients deconstruct unhelpful stories. Geldard and Geldard use an integrative approach called Sequentially Planned Integrative Counselling for Children (the SPICC model) which uses sequentially therapeutic approaches from numerous …show more content…
Mistrust
This stage occurs from birth to 2 years of age. When infants feel loved they are more willing to trust their environment. Neglect produces children that are unsure about everything.
Stage 2: Autonomy/Independence vs. Shame and Doubt
This stage occurs around 2-3 years of age. It focuses on a child's need to be independent. If parents do not give them independence, children will experience doubt and shame.
Stage 3: Initiative vs. Guilt
This stage occurs between the ages of 3-5 or 6 years--the preschool age. Children start to get a general sense of right and wrong. They start to understand their actions affect others.
Stage 4: Industry (competence) vs. Inferiority
This stage occurs between the ages of 5 and 12 years (or puberty). Children are beginning to feel a sense of accomplishment and success. Nurturing and encouragement enables a child to believe that they can achieve and be successful. If a child is discouraged, they develop low self worth. Bullies are formed at this stage.
Stage 5: Identity vs. Identity Confusion
This stage occurs between the ages of 12 and 18. Teenagers often have problems with self identity. In this stage groups are
identity vs alienation stage. In this stage adolescents are trying to gain a sense of self.
In this stage the toddler gains ability to use own initiative in planning and carrying out plans; or if cannot live within parents limits develops a sense of guilt over misbehavior. Wuornos grandparent’s limits were distorted and so from a young age she was confused and never developed a sense of guilt.
The third stage is the Concrete Operational Stage, which occurs around age seven to age eleven. This stage marks the beginning of logical or operational thoughts for the child. Their thinking becomes less egocentric, and the child can now understand that although the appearance of something changes, the “thing” itself does not. For example, if a child decided to spread out a pile of blocks, they know there are still as many blocks as there were before, even though it looks different.
If this stage is successful the child have the virtue of purpose. The fourth stage is industry vs. inferiority which happens in elementary school from the age 6 until puberty. During this stage, the child’s teacher and peers become the source of self-esteem. Children in this stage feel like they need to fit in and gain approval of those around them. They feel confident and gain a sense of pride when they are praised for their accomplishments. If this stage is successful they will gain the virtue of competence. If they feel they can’t do what is asked of them, are rejected by their peers, or their parents/teachers treat them insensitively, they will learn inferiority. Stage five is ego-identity vs. role-confusions which occurs during adolescence. Teenagers being to wonder who they are. This leads to them going through phases and rebelling to search for where they fit in and belong. They explore themselves, others, and roles. If they are unable to establish who they are, they’ll experience role-confusion and suffer an identity crisis. Success in this stage will lead to the virtue of fidelity, but failure means they feel they have no place in society. Stage six is intimacy vs. isolation, this
This stage involves finding a sense of self through trial and error. If this stage is unsuccessfully completed, the adolescent will experience roll-confusion, resulting in low self-esteem and social withdrawal. These people will likely feel
| During this stage the child begins to feel more secure and is able to cope with the different surroundings and unknown adults around them for a certain period of time, they become more willing with their teachers and love to help out in class and are sociable and friendly with
Social/Cultural: In this stage the child develop a sense of self and a sense of belonging to a family. They begin interacting with other children and they also play in stages (playing alone, playing near others but not really playing with them, not wanting to share, playing and sharing, and playing with a purpose). This stage is also were the child also learn to respect the rights and feelings of others.
The first stage, Trust vs. Mistrust, happens from right when your born until you become one-year old. If a baby’s wants are met, liking changing a diaper, they will develop trust. The next stage, Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt, happens between the ages of two and three. Erikson believes that the infant’s parents have to have a supportive atmosphere in order for their child to develop autonomy. If the supportive atmosphere is not present, then the child will develop shame and doubt about their autonomy. The third stage, Initiative vs. Guilt, happens when the child is age four to five. This is the stage when a child discovers who they want to be. Initiative increases when the skill of accountability is developed.
Erickson’s stage of development states that ages 3-5 is the stage of initiative versus guilt stage (Broderick & Blewitt, 2015). Explain
Once a sense of autonomy has been developed, the next stage in the psychosocial theory is initiative versus guilt. This stage is from about age three to age six and
Stage five is adolescence, beginning with puberty and ending around 18 or 20 years old. The task during adolescence is to achieve ego identity and avoid role confusion. Ego identity means knowing who you are and how you fit in to the rest of society. It requires that you take all you have learned about life and yourself and mold it into a unified self-image, one that your community finds meaningful. Without these things, we are likely to see role confusion, meaning an
The child should be able to determine wrong from right and are able to perform more physical activities. This stage lasts from ages 9-11
The second stage happens from ages one to three. This stage is called Autonomy versus shame and doubt. Toddlers start to assert their sense of independence. If caregivers encourage this self-sufficiency, the toddler will learn to be independent versus feeling shame and doubt. When you area a young child you need to learn how to be independent, so you know in the future you can get things done by yourself. I believe I grew up in a home that let me be independent. The reason I believe this is because I can do things today that I would have never seen myself doing
Psychologist, psychoanalyst, doctor of medicine, and author, Sigmund Freud’s contributions to the world of science and psychology were far from limited. The self and widely regarded scientist was born in Friedberg in 1856 where he lived before moving to Vienna, Germany, where he would later produce founding revelations at the birth of psychology as a science. From his beginnings, Freud focused on psychopathology and the conscious mind (Jones, 1949). The renowned “Father of Psychoanalysis” created a pathway and a foundation for psychology, influencing the world of psychology from its birth to modern day practice. Freud’s delve into the unconscious, dreams, psychosexual development, and the id, ego, and super-ego, are just a limited number of his studies that greatly influenced numerous psychologists and theories of modern psychology. One of his earliest practices and most accredited work dealt with psychoanalysis specifically. Though this practice is seldom used in modern psychology in the treatment of psychological disorders, it assuredly carried great influence in the development of modern practices of psychological theories. Freud’s creation of psychoanalysis exceeded his professional career, influencing modern psychologists and theories, one specifically being ego psychology, that was founded in the mid 20th century of modern
The first stage is trust or mistrust. This stage begins from birth to one year, children begin to learn the ability to trust others based upon the consistency of their caregiver. If trust develops successfully, the child gains confidence and security in the world around him and is able to feel secure even when threatened. Unsuccessful completion of this stage can result in an inability to trust, and therefore a sense of fear about the inconsistent world. It may result in anxiety, heightened insecurities, and an over feeling of mistrust in the world around them.