Reduced Energy Expenditure And Prevalence Obesity Rates Among Children

Health has been influenced by many factors such as poor health status, disease risk factors, and limited access to healthcare. All these factors are due to social, economic and environmental disadvantages. According to the World Organization (WHO) (2015), “the social determinants of health are mostly responsible for health inequities, which is the unfair and avoidable differences in health status seen within and between countries”

Over 60 million people are obese in the world today. The socioeconomic statuses of the Americans play a major part in the obesity rates across the country. People with higher incomes are less likely to be obese than people with lower incomes. One in every seven preschool-aged children living in lower income areas are obese (Center for Disease Control and Prevention). A 2008 study showed that obesity is highest among American Indian and Alaska Native (21.2 percent) and Hispanic Americans (18.5 percent) children, and it is lowest

“The social determinants of health are the conditions in which people are born, grow, work, live, and age, and the wider set of forces and systems shaping the conditions of daily life” (World Health Organisation (WHO), 2009). The social determinants of health can be divided into 5 categories, age, sex and hereditary factors, individual lifestyle factors, social and community networks, living and working conditions and general socioeconomic, cultural and

Currently, the definition of obesity, determined by the Body Mass Index (BMI) scale, considers a child over the 95th percentile to be obese. Childhood obesity affects 17% of the children in the United States, and according to the National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention, 12.7 million American children will have the prevalence of obesity. Roberto Ferdman argues in his article in The Washington Post that “American kids are still far more likely to be overweight than kids in most other countries.” Some children are more likely to become obese based on their race or gender. “The prevalence of obesity among non-Hispanic Asian youth (8.6%) was lower than among non-Hispanic white (14.7%), non-Hispanic black (19.5%), and Hispanic

Research has shown an ethnic and racial disparity in the frequency of childhood overweight and obesity. Specifically, minority children face a disproportionately higher chance of obesity; Taveras, Gillman, Kleinman, Rich-Edwards, and Rifas-Shiman agree: “…many risk factors for child obesity are more prevalent among black and Hispanic children than among white children (p. 693). ” They go on to write that additional variables affecting those two minority groups include belonging to a lower socioeconomic class, sleeping less than their white counterparts, and a greater likelihood of consuming sugar-sweetened beverages and fast food after age two .

Children and adolescents, their health is of the most upmost importance. The child is impacting through everything they do in their lives and everything that they come face to. One of these factors that come into play into a child’s life is Obesity. Most importantly the racial and ethnic disparities that involve Obesity. Unless this issue of this inclining obesity is addressed, there will be assumptions that the amount of years a person will live will surely decline (Johnson, 2012). Obesity is a killer as it is the secondary killer and could well be our first if the people don’t take action (Johnson, 2012). Obesity increases the risk of cardiovascular disease as well as asthma and diabetes (Johnson, 2012). Seventeen percent of young adults in the USA today are obese (Rossen, 2014). The commonness of obesity has escalated throughout the years in Children and Young adults that were being seen in Adults (Caprio et al., 2008). There are many disparities in which affect children in every way but the one that affects the obesity in childhood is racial and ethnic disparities. The amount of obesity in childhood is increasing in all ethnic and racial groups but it is found that nonwhite population have the most amount of Obesity (Caprio et al., 2008). The Mexican- American and non-Hispanic black children have a heavier load to carry as of racial and ethnic subgroups (Rossen, 2014). As children are expose to different physical and social environments, they are wide-open to different

Child obesity is alarmingly prevalent in the United States today; approximately 18 percent of adolescents are considered obese. Obesity is defined as “one of the most pervasive chronic diseases...that affects more than one-third of the population” (Source 2). While obesity may be a major challenge facing adults in the United States, adolescents are facing a similar struggle. More than 33 percents of all children and teens suffer from obesity. But why is child obesity such a major problem in the United States? Though obesity has been shown to have some genetic inheritance between parents and offspring. Adolescents are regularly eating fatty and unhealthy foods, and are not getting the

The circumstances in which people live are shaped by the distribution of resources, power and money at global, national and local levels. Economics, social policies and politics all have a part to play (World Health Organisation [WHO], 2016). Social determinants look at key aspects of peoples’ living and working circumstances, and what the implications of these circumstances are on their long-term health.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has reported since 1960 adult obesity has tripled and since 1970 childhood obesity rates have also tripled (May, Freedman, Sherry & Blanck, 2013). However, in comparison with national averages, obesity rates amongst minorities remains exceedingly high. Currently, 38 percent of adults in America are obese (Segal, Rayburn & Martin, 2016). Meanwhile, 48.4 percent of Blacks are obese, 42.6 percent of Latinos are Obese and 36.4 percent of Whites are obese. Furthermore, childhood obesity rates for American children is 17 percent. Examination of the data reveals 21.9 percent of Latino children are obese, 19.5 percent of Black children are obese and 14.7 percent of Whites are obese (Segal, Rayburn & Martin, 2016). These gaps are significant and represent a major health disparity. Health disparities are the quantifiable variances in health outcomes amongst groups of people. Obesity

10). These results do not support a clear contribution but it is attributed as a risk factor for obesity. The National Business Group on Health reports, Childhood obesity is more prevalent among 6 to 19 year olds (34%) than 2 to 5 year olds (24%), with more Mexican-American (38%) and African-American (35%) youth than overweight white youth (30.7%) (“Childhood Obesity It’s Everyone’s Business”). These percentages would suggest that certain socioeconomic groups are having an increased percentage of children who are obese, showing that further investigation is needed to identify the cause. In The Economics of Childhood Obesity Crawley reports, “Economics offers several useful tools for the study of childhood obesity: insight into the economic causes and consequences of obesity, clearly defined rationales for government intervention in market, and the use of cost-effectiveness analysis for comparing policies to prevent or reduce obesity (2010). The economic issues can affect obesity in many different

These factors or social determinants of health can be behavioral, social, psychological, technological, environmental, economical, and cultural, operating at all levels from the individual to the family to society as a whole. The circumstances are different from person to person even when the society is the same. Therefore, it is hard to constrain and minimize the factors to a small number. However, this paper provided two evidence based approaches (socioeconomic and cultural) as causal associations for childhood obesity among African Americans in Louisville, Kentucky. (Figure

Los Angeles County, the second largest city in the United States with a county population 10,441,089 in 2010 has been reported to have the highest levels of economic hardship (Dunn et al., 2013). According to County of Los Angeles Public Health (2013, January), “poverty in childhood has long-lasting effects limiting life expectancy and worsening health for the child’s life, even if social conditions subsequently improve” (p.3). A recent study in Los Angeles County showed that adolescents living in low-income neighborhood were nine times as likely to be overweight as those living in well-off neighborhoods (“Policy Priorities: Childhood Obesity,” 2012). These residents, like those

Social determinants of health incorporate early youngster improvement, globalization, health frameworks, estimation and confirmation, urbanization, occupation conditions, social avoidance, general health conditions, and ladies and sexual orientation balance (Folkman, 1993). Poverty gradient and severity As indicated by the World Health Organization, those in the most minimal financial conveyance of health, minimized and prohibited, and nations whose verifiable abuse and imbalance in worldwide establishments of force and strategy making, ensure the most exceedingly bad health outcomes. Supreme destitution is the severe hardship of fundamental human needs, for example, sustenance, safe drinking water and protect, and is utilized as a base standard underneath which nobody ought to fall paying little mind to where they live.

There have been many studies done in trying to find the root cause for childhood obesity and all stem back to bad dietary patterns, physical inactivity, and genetics. Additionally, factors in society that contribute to this detrimental disease is the education and skills that are taught to children at a young age along with food marketing and promotion for unhealthy foods. There isn’t a demographic group in the United States that has been unaffected by the childhood obesity epidemic, but there is evidence that supports that some subgroups of the U.S. population are more prone to the onset of this epidemic and that have been more affected than others. Certain ethnic minority populations, children from low income families, and children from the southern region in the United States display the trend of having a higher percentage of overweight

In the journal entry Exploring Relationships Among Maternal BMI, Family Factors, and Concern for Childs Weight, experts with an extensive background in health and science Ethnic and environment are the notorious contributing factors in the risk of “heavily” overweight and obesity that is observed in early childhood stages. However, according to the authors, little research has compared these disparities United States by using those distinguished classifications. The study factors racial disparities in mean body mass index (BMI) and in the odds of obesity, or “heavyweight” in the United States. Sociodemographic, cultural and family routine factors are also assessed as possible contributions.