Refractive Errors In Child Development Essay

At the age of a year to 17 month children start to get interested in looking through books for a small amount of time. They begin to follow simple directions and answer simple questions with gestures. Children this age recognise familiar objects ,people

Eyes: the healthy newborn can see and can fixate on points of contrast. The newborn shows preference for observing a human face and follows moving objects. Toys that make sounds and have contrasting colors attract the newborn. Most newborns seem crossed eyed because their eye muscle coordination

This condition is often overlooked and treatment delayed because there are no visible signs or abnormalities and children are seldom aware that anything is wrong with their vision.

Amblyopia, sometimes called lazy eye, is when one eye cannot focus well and has trouble seeing. Vision is produced when light reaches the part of the eye called the retina where it is converted into signals that are sent to the brain. The brain uses these signals to create the images you see. Amblyopia happens when one eye produces weaker signals than the other eye. The brain ignores these weaker signals are favors the stronger ones. When left untreated, amblyopia eventually leads to vision loss in the weaker eye.

Amblyopia is a condition in which visual acuity in one eye is greatly reduced. It is caused by lack of stimulation or disuse during visual development (Rose, 1998). Because the eye is not fully developed at birth (Jarvis, 1992, as cited in Rose, 1998), infants need stimulation to complete the visual neural pathway. When one or both eyes are inhibited, for example due to misalignment of one eye (strabismus) or a large difference in refractive power between two eyes (anisometropia), the neural pathway for the inhibited eye develops abnormally, or does not develop at all. At

The absent eyeball in children leads to loss of stimuli and function, affecting the development of the orbital region and the growth of maxilla, maxillary sinus and mandible, 1,2 which could create a craniofacial hemiatrophy appearance. Therefore, the anophthalmia brings physical, functional, aesthetic and psychological imbalance. 3, 4

Most children are diagnosed as strabismus between 1 and 4 years of age, so when one or both eyes cannot focus on an object (misalignment), the developing brain ignore the image from aligned eye to avoid double vision, and the child uses a dominant straighter eye, after a few weeks brain cut connect with weaker or

Due to this irregular shape prevents light from focusing properly on the back of the individual’s eye(s), the retina. The light becomes unevenly refracted and falls short of the retina. As a result, the vision may be blurred at all distances. Those with severe astigmatism usually have blurred or distorted vision as opposed to those with mild astigmatism, who may experience headaches, eyestrain, fatigue, or blurred vision at certain distances. Most individuals have some form of astigmatism. When one receives a comprehensive optometric examination the testing of both eyes will be able to diagnose will detect if they have astigmatism and to determine to what extent: mild or

New born infants have poor visual acuity as opposed to adults. Visual acuity measures to what extent an individual can detect visual detail. Their lack of visual acuity means they see the world a more ill-defined manner. Adult visual acuity is thirty times the visual acuity of a new born (Van Hof-van Duin & Mohn 1985). Atkinson & Bradrick (1981), supported this and found that new born infants could only detect the separation of lines if they are 30 times wider than the minimum width adults can detect. There is at least a five-fold improvement by 6 months of age in acuity, though it takes several years for it to reach adult level, Brown & Yamamoto 1986. New born infants also have poor visual accommodation, needed to make sharp retinal images at different distances.

People with this condition have a shorter eyeball, which causes objects nearby to appear blurred. Even

Squinting is one of the most common signs of vision problems in children. The reason children squint when they have vision problems is because it can help bring a blurry object into focus. Squinting slightly changes the shape of the eyes.

Focal damage (i.e., damage to a specific region of the eye) can substantially influence cognitive visual impairment by causing visual field loss (Dutton, 2003). Further, cognitive visual impairment or damage to the brain in children produces a plethora of developmental problems and an inability to utilize cognitive visual processes that come naturally to those who are sighted (Dutton, 2003). This myriad of issues may include trouble with orientation, recognition of faces, shapes, and objects, and severe difficulty maintaining a complex imagination (Dutton, 2003). However, these deficiencies may be actively combated by continued brain growth and development, thus, prompting higher cognitive visual functioning and a more intricate imagination as one ages (Dutton, 2003). Nevertheless, visual impairment during development, in some cases, is largely detrimental to ones’ ability to maintain a higher level of imagination and can lead to very severe complications, such as dissociation of visual brain structures, that may cause the formation of disorders like cerebral palsy (i.e., a congenital condition that affects muscle coordination and movement; Dutton, 2003). Thus, while imagination is still present in children who are affected by focal and cognitive visual impairment, these processes can become extremely limited by these deficiencies and never reach

A parent may report or complain that his or her child is inattentive to visual stimuli, have poor reflexes and maybe show sign of sensitivity to light. A teacher may see the same behaviors in the academic setting. As school tasks become difficult and delay the educational progress, a referral should follow the chief complaint with a comprehensive vision evaluation by a medical ophthalmologist. Submission of the eye report to the school district along with observations and assessments will address accommodation and modification for the classroom setting if determined that the child qualifies as a child with a vision impairment. Some juveniles with treatable types of cataracts that have not progress to blindness will exhibit characteristics of cortical visual impairments. For example, a student who shows complications with contrast, visual acuity, sensitivity to light or need for increased lighting. Glare can also be a problem for a student with post-operative cataract

Myopia occurs if the eyeball is too long or the cornea (the clear front cover of the eye) is too curved. As a result, the light entering the eye isn't focused correctly, and distant objects look blurred. Even though

At birth newborns eye muscles and nerves are still developing, so their vision is not great. At birth infants can see an estimated 20/240, but in six months’ time the babies’ vision tremendously increases and they are able to see at 20/40. As infant’s vision increases they begin to see color and eventually recognize shapes. By 8 weeks of age infants are able to see color and around 3 months they are able recognize that an objects shape stays the same, even if in a different setting. As infants develop they not only are able to distinguish colors and shapes but also are able to develop the ability to perceive objects that are occulted are in fact whole.