How is one persuaded to belief in God? Social influences certainly play a role in accepting or rejecting Christianity. Many people raised in a Christian environment receive positive classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning. However, numerous individuals do not grow up in a positive Christian environment or have had negative experiences related to Christianity. How are they persuaded to belief in God? Rick Wade (1998) in his article “The Relevance of Christianity: An Apologetic,” offers one dimension to persuading non-Christians to believe. Wade’s perspective, however, had little relevance to my own conversion.
I was not raised in a Christian environment and did not become a Christian until age 20 or so. Therefore,
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Due to the problems that were in my life, I did not care about what the article discusses. Wade (1998) lists three concepts, “meaning, morality, and hope” (para. 8). As important as those concepts are, they surface issues, like the tip of an iceberg above the water. Of course, I wanted meaning and hope, as do most. One’s one understanding of meaning and hope, however, comes from one’s experiences in life. This understanding, which forms the basis of one’s worldview, is largely unconscious, lying beneath the surface, since it is all one knows. The intellectual arguments against Christianity, and that the article addresses, serve only to support what an individual already believes. Nevertheless, Wade’s arguments may serve as a precursor to accepting Christ, but without addressing the issues below the surface, those opinions by themselves are rarely persuasive. Interestingly, the author seems to acknowledge this point. Wade (1998), in the last sentence of the article, writes, “Even if such matters are not persuasive by themselves, they might at least serve to show that Christianity is relevant to our lives today” (para. 56). Negative experiences of Christianity, which may come from classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning, serve to form one’s …show more content…
First, to “hold a more accurate view of the world, [Second, to] be consistent within themselves, or [third, to] gain social approval and acceptance” (p. 154). Wade’s article seems to address the first reason, to hold a more accurate view of the world. However, if an individual has negative experiences in life, the cognitive dissonance created will likely cause external evidence to be denied or rejected in order, as per the second reason, to remain consistent within themselves (Kenrick, Neuberg, & Cialdini, 2015, p. 164, 173). Internal questions arise, such as, “if God is good, why would he allow bad things to happen (to me)? If the Christian life is a supernatural life, why do few, if any, Christians express little of the fullness of life that Christ offers?” Or, more specifically, “why would God allow me to be molested when I was a boy?” Or, “why would God allow my mother to die?” These types of questions tend to motivate an individual’s disbelief in God. Wade’s arguments will be readily dismissed if the issues beneath the surface are not adequately addressed. Individuals from Sigmund Freud to C. S. Lewis (before his conversion) were staunch atheists because of the negative experiences they suffered in their lives (Nicholi, A. M., 2002). If Wade’s arguments are true, and Christianity is more accurate to reality, how does one reconcile it with the negative experiences an individual holds
David N. Entwistle (2015) shares a life of experiences beginning with the heartbeat of his father who believed that life held a vocation for anyone willing to be a Christian regardless of their field of employment (Entwistle, 2015, xi). This passion begins with the historical framework as well as the philosophical foundations supported by a variety of models of assimilation that accomplish a resolution of ideas throughout David Entwistle’s textbook titled: Integrative Approaches to Psychology and Christianity: An Introduction to Worldview issues Philosophical Foundations, and Models of Integration; Third Edition (Entwistle, 2015). As a licensed psychologist Entwistle (2015) shares his (and other scholars throughout history) skills, intellectual integrity, teachings, concepts, research, and reflection questions as a tool throughout his 3rd edition to entice the reader to dig deeper into the understanding of integrating theology and psychology (Entwistle, 2015).
Fowler’s proposed the stages of faith development should not be viewed as requirements for an end goal of salvation but as a framework to comprehend how individuals address life obstacles (Hutchinson, 2015). The theory of faith development developed from Fowler’s data from 359 semi-structured interviews on life experiences, values, and religion (Hutchinson, 2015). Fowler’s analysis of these interviews found that participants fit into the six faith stages with development tending to increase with age (Hutchinson,
No doubt that in the book written by David N. Entwistle Integrative Approaches to Psychology and Christianity, the author leaves the truths embodied in his book. Truths that for many to this day are still trying to accommodate in their vast knowledge they have concerning the psychological science. Many still fail to understand that both psychology and theology when they go hand in hand they can become allies in treating those who for one reason or another have external and internal conflicts.
Being that it is such a controversial topic it would be foolish to believe that religion, in this case, Christianity, would not be subject to criticism. Of course, there are many who accept Christianity, just as there are many who reject the religion. Among those who have famously rejected the faith is the Enlightenment philosopher, Thomas Paine—the man who, has been credited with writing “the most influential” (Introduction, pg. 10) of the deistic books published during the later portion of the eighteenth century; said book being, The Age of Reason. Through this publication, Thomas Paine, makes compelling arguments against Christianity, as well as other revealed religions, in attempt to prove that the key to a good life is to find meaning through science and reason.
In some ways, it is refreshing to read H.J. McCloskey's article, "On Being an Atheist". Most people assume atheists are simple nihilists who do not subscribe to any sort of convictions or beliefs. The author's text, however, refutes this conventional viewpoint by producing several reasons for embracing atheism, many of which are studied and labored counterarguments to typical claims of theists. The most important part of this essay is found in its opening paragraphs, in which the author makes a very prudent point in explaining the fact that most theists do not require elaborate proofs or empirical evidence to substantiate their beliefs in a divinity. Those who do have not completely subscribed to faith, but to testaments of man's deductive prowess, which should not be confused with faith. However, the author makes a number of points that he believes alludes to fallacies in theism that those well versed in theism can handily refute.
image of Christ, and Murdoch suggests that Christians adjust their attitudes to resonate with the
I then went most of my junior without even thinking of what my beliefs were. I went to church a little more that year, basically whenever my parents wanted me to, but I kind of stopped listening to what the priest was saying. For awhile I considered myself agnostic; which is someone who recognizes God, but does not practice any religious
Both assessments also placed him in the Secure/ low avoidance category. Upon consideration of the participant’s answers to the assessment’s questions, he is currently in Elkind’s final stage, the search for comprehension and Fowler’s fifth stage, Conjunctive Faith. The participant in this interview has indeed reach a point in his spiritual growth where he can see the underlying meaning/reasoning of his relationships. While some times still baffled by the behavior of his father, the relationship that he has with his father, other constants in his life, have meaning can ultimately explained through scripture and personal a connection with God. According to Elkind, religion is a natural result of mental development with such complexities, that it ultimately requires our intellectual needs to be gratified by spiritual development as we progress in age, and it is evident that the interviewee has allowed spiritual development to satisfy and bring meaning to that which he could not understand on his own (Hood, Hill, &Spilka, 2009). As for Fowler’s stage of Conjunctive Faith, it is described as place in one’s development where a willingness to converse with those of other faiths in the belief that they might learn something that will allow them to correct their own truths. As minister and someone that has studied theology, the interviewee has had the opportunity to dialogue with several people different faiths and openly admitted that many of them have contributed to his spiritual growth. No longer viewing everything that is found in biblical scripture in a literal sense, he views the theological challenges that are presented to him by those of a different faith as tool to discover as
Having completed the unit of philosophy of religion, you are now ready to respond to an article written by an actual atheist. This article, titled “On Being an Atheist,” was written by H. J. McCloskey in 1968 for the journal Question. McCloskey is an Australian philosopher who wrote a number of atheistic works in the 1960s and 70s including the book God and Evil (Nijhoff, 1974). In this article, McCloskey is both critical of the classical arguments for God’s existence and offers the problem of evil as a reason why one should not believe in God.
My standpoint of religion would not change in the difference of environment. Holyoke is a small town that mainly consists of conservative values. One of them being religion. Despite this, I do not share the same beliefs and ideologies as my colleagues around me. A large portion of Holyoke, as well as the rest of the world, believe in a religion; though several conflict on whether which religion is right or wrong. Both my limited and extended family believe in Catholicism, or at least, something related. This would not change even if my family had moved to a town where . My parents attempted to force me to believe in Catholicism and impose their morals and beliefs onto me. This of course failed as I have developed my own beliefs based more on those around me, except for religion. Like my parents, peers have attempted to persuade me into converting me. My environment consist of small Colorado towns that tend to value conservative beliefs; believing in a god being one of them. My belief contradicts this conservative value, hence proving my choice was not influenced by the factors of my
In 1939, Josh McDowell was born in Union City, Michigan. He grew up with an abusive father and was sexually abused from age six to thirteen. Josh McDowell thought of himself as an agnostic and thought Christianity is worthless. He always wondered: Who am I? Why am I here? Where am I going? At community college, he was challenged by his friends to write a paper to disprove the existence of Christianity. It started when he saw his friends were always happy and joyful. Josh really wanted the inner joy this group contained. He always believed that Christianity was weak and couldn’t be argued, but after research, he discovered the faith of Christianity and trusted Jesus Christ as his Lord and Savior. Once accepting Jesus Christ into his life he changed for the better. He
I was restless throughout my fifth grade year, middle school, and up to my tenth grade year, not satisfied with who I was. It was a somber time for me. There were nights full of tears and confusion, yearning to find meaning in my own life yet finding none. Until mid-way through my tenth grade year, on February 28, 2015, I was confronted. Even in the midst of my hypocritical life, I took pride on my “Christian” beliefs, thinking that as long as I was associated with them I was good. However, when Milad and his twenty friends were martyred on February 12, 2015 for the same Christian beliefs I said I held to, how was I able to reconcile the fact that Milad and his friends showed more faith and conviction in thirty minutes of their execution than me in my whole
The author tells the story about an atheist who lives a fairly successful life financially, and seems to have no need for God. Following his wife’s lead, he went to the church and began to explore and investigate the evidence of the Christian faith. As a result, he became a Christian. Dr. White also talked about other people who do not believe in God, or who are not sure, such as the agnostics, — explaining that all should be allowed to search for evidence for the existence of God.
Throughout the life of my person of interest, knowledge of the existence of a creator has had a crippling effect in his struggle to reconcile his perception of life and the great desire for divine approval and acceptance. This is a result of the common belief that moral and spiritual development is attained through the shedding of dogmatic belief structures, resulting in the elimination of God towards the attainment of self-realization.
My parents have been avid Christians since a few years before I was born. Both had been Catholic as children, and both stopped going for different reasons. After my