Segregation In The 1960's

In his book, Race, Racism, and American Law, Derrick Bell maintains that the American government is only willing to lessen the injustices imposed on African-Americans if it will positively impact the white community--either economically or politically. The chapter, “Neither Separate Schools Nor Mixed Schools: The Chronicle of the Sacrificed Black Schoolchildren,” in Derrick Bell’s book, And We Are Not Saved, demonstrates this point through the fictional disappearance of black schoolchildren while on their way to their school. At first, there was public outrage over such an unexplainable incident occurring, especially in the midst of all the political and cultural progress made by the recent decision to integrate public schools. Then, it is revealed that the main incentives for the school board’s sympathy and distress were because, “state funding of the schools was based on average daily attendance figures, [therefore] the school system faced a serious deficit during the current year,” (And We Are Not Saved, 105).

The following day, the Wrights reported the kidnapping of Emmett Till to the local sheriff, but the case was deemed of low priority. Back in Chicago, Mamie Till received the heart-shattering news of her son’s disappearance. She alerted the Chicago police of the abduction who in turn called the Mississippi sheriffs. On Sunday, Bryant and Milam were arrested and charged with the abduction of the Chicago youth, and then three days later, the body of

Roy Bryant and John Milam kidnapped and murdered Emmett Till in cold blood because he flirted with Bryant’s spouse 4 days earlier. The case being that Emmett Till was “brutally murdered for flirting with a white woman four days earlier” (“Aug 28, 1955: The Death of Emmett Till”) isn’t something you would hear much nowadays, but in 1955, it was unfortunately common. Curtis Jones watched Till flirt with Carolyn Bryant, the spouse of Rob Bryant. What started as a prank went terribly wrong. Not to mention that racism went into play, as Till, being a black kid trying to flirt with a white woman in the South, would never go freely.

Although many believe that racism and segregation have declined over the years, The Washington Post notes, in a 2016 analysis, that black Americans are 2.5 times as likely as white Americans to be shot and killed by police officers (Lowery). In the 1930s and 1950s, Tom Robinson, Emmett Till, and the nine Scottsboro boys were sentenced to death after facing an all-white jury for a crime they did not commit. In 1931, nine, young, unemployed, black men were falsely accused of raping two white women, Ruby Bates and Victoria Price. Their sentence to death after facing an all-white jury sparked rallies and parades, which successfully changed the unfair verdict of their trial. Similarly, a fourteen-year-old boy named Emmett Till was unjustly murdered after allegedly whistling at a white store owner, Carolyn Bryant. A few days later, he was found in a nearby river, and his mother arranged for a public funeral to expose the racial prejudice her son faced in Mississippi. The perpetrators were acquitted of all charges when tried in front of an all white jury. In the Scottsboro incident, the Murder of Emmett Till, and To Kill a Mockingbird, innocent men were victims of the society’s racial prejudice and convicted of crimes they did not commit.

On September 19, 1955 Emmett’s murder had became an outrage. Because blacks and women were not allowed to serve jury duty, Bryant and Milam were judged in front of an all white male jury. At the end of the case the two white men were found innocent. This really made a lot of chaos. To add to the madness, a couple months later they admitted the crime to Look magazine for four thousand dollars.

Another spark in the case had occurred just recently in a book called, The Blood of Emmett Till by Timothy Tyson. In this book he had interview the very same woman who had started this entire case, Mrs. Bryant. When asked about her testimony, she had said, “That part’s not true,” when talking about the supposed verbal and physical advances Till made towards her. She had also stated that, “Nothing that boy did could ever justify what happened to him.” (Weller 5).

In 1954 the Supreme Court saw a case called Brown v. Board of Education of Kansas. This case was about segregation of public schools but before this was to be found unconstitutional, the school system in Kansas and all over the United States had segregated schools. For example, Topeka Kansas had 18 neighborhood schools for white children, but only 4 schools for African American children. (Brown v. Board of Education) Many people believe that the problem is no longer existent; however, many present day African American students still attend schools that are segregated. This problem goes all the way back to the 18th and 19th centuries when slavery was prevalent, yet still to this day it has not come to an end. Complete racial integration has yet to happen in many areas. This problem is not only in the Kansas City School District, but all over the country. The segregation of races in schools can impact a student’s future greatly. The Kansas City school district has been known to have the most troubled school’s systems for a long time.(Source) I’m sure the school board is well aware of the problem of racial inequality that is before them, but I will help them become more aware of the problem and how it affects a student’s future. In today’s society it is commonly overlooked on how important the subject of racial segregation really is. In this memo I will discuss the topics of racial socialization and school based discrimination in Kansas City, and the resulting effects that

Till arrived in Mississippi on August 20 and was taken to his great uncle’s house by one of his cousins.” A few days after arriving in Mississippi, Emmett and his cousins drove into town to Bryant’s Store to get a snack.When they exited the store Till whistled at the young woman that worked behind the counter. They fled in fear knowing he violated a unspoken rule.”(Wright, 51 and “Emmett Till”,2) A few days later they went into Greenwood forgetting about the incident and arrived home after midnight.( Wright,57) Later that night Roy Bryant and his half brother J.W. Milam took Emmett from his uncle’s home at

Ferguson, segregation in public places became an accepted normalcy in America. Segregation was an inconvenience to black families who had children attending school. Linda Brown was an 8 year old girl who lived in a mixed neighborhood in Topeka, Kansas. She was forced to walk a long distance to get to a school bus that would take her far away to a school intended for only black children, even though there was a school located in her neighborhood. Her father Mr. Brown spoke with the school to see if they would admit his daughter, but they refused to desegregate their white school because according to the current laws, they didn’t have to. Under “separate but equal,” theoretically Linda Brown was receiving an equally opportunistic education as a white child was, so she should have had no need to transfer schools, but in reality this was not the case. Document 7a shows that on average, Southern States spent substantially more on white children’s education than colored children’s. This alone proves that there were inequalities in the education system which broke “separate but equal”. Even if the facilities and supplies were exactly the same for both white and black children, there would still be inequality. That fact that there was a need for separate places for learning psychologically damaged black children because they felt inferior and therefore could not perform at the same academic level. Document 7b, a letter sent by the National Association for the

Emmett Till: How Race, Class, and Gender lead to His Murder and a Nonguilty Ruling Emmett Till was an African American, 14-year-old boy, from Chicago who was kidnapped, brutally tortured, murdered, and dumped in a river by two adult white males, Bryant and Milam, after being accused of whistling at a white woman, Carolyn Bryant. Tills case ended up being nationally watched and broadcasted after his mother, Mamie Till, chose to have an open casket funeral in Chicago. Ms. Till reached out to newspapers in Chicago, civil rights leaders, and the African American community to fight for justice for her son. As well as, utilized the new technologies to propelled national interest in the case. Despite, the efforts of Mamie Till and while being watched

After his Cousin Jones had seen Till’s class photograph, Till had stated that the white children were his friends, he had also claimed that the picture of a white girl, which came with his new wallet was his girlfriend which no one believed. One of the local boys dared him to speak to Bryant, the store server for proof. Till was purchasing candy and when he was leaving the store he allegedly said, “Bye baby” to the accused wife of Roy Bryant. After Roy returned from Texas, his wife complained to him about what Emmett Till said to her.

High Schools across the United States have students with different ethnicities and cultures. However, in the 1950’s the world was different and the thought of integration was perceived by many as an instrumental goal. There were white and black schools, parks, water fountains, restaurants, and communities. Melba Pattillo Beals was among one of the first African-American to change the landscape of integration in schools. In 1957, Beals and eight other African American students would change the color divider for generations to come, although with change comes sacrifice. The help of her family and the protection of the soldiers in the school from the animosity of her white classmates and the white community helped Beals endure the trials and tribulations

In 1955 Emmett planned to visit family in Money, Mississippi (“The death of”, n.d.). The trip was scheduled for August 20th and Emmett was going to stay with his great uncle Moses Wright (“The death of”, n.d.). As J. Williams writes in a book about Emmett’s life, the day before Emmett left for his trip Mamie Till, Emmett’s mother, gave him the ring from his father, inscribed with his father’s initials, L.T. (1987). After a day long train ride Emmett arrived in Mississippi and joined his great uncle and friends to begin his visit to the south. A few days after his arrival, Emmett went with friends to a local grocery store where they spent time relaxing after picking cotton during the day. To the disbelief of his friends, Emmett bragged that his girlfriend at home was a white girl. Emmett was a comical young man and a rambunctious teenager, who when dared

As I learn more about the realities of education, there was one issue that sparked my interest and passion – segregation. Though it is difficult to see first-hand, I can definitely see remnants of segregation through comparison of resources available at schools I’ve worked at. My belief that education serves as an accessible tool for social mobility led me to explore the issue of segregation with the perspective of a future educator. Over 50 years ago in the Brown v. Board of Education case, the Supreme Court deemed that segregation in public schools was unconstitutional. With this in mind, I was under the impression that schools were not segregated (at least to a far lesser extent). However, I was shocked to learn that segregation in schools

To begin, a white woman named Erin Gruwell decides to take up teaching at Woodrow Wilson High School two years following the 1992 Los Angeles Riots. She arrives on the first day to find out that her class is full of “at-risk” high school students— some of which are just out of juvenile hall and have very poor grades. These are kids who have segregated themselves into racial groups so badly that they can’t even sit near each other in the same classroom or walk by each other without getting into fights.