Simulation: Census Dat Demographic Research

Compared to California’s education demographics, San Leandro has a higher percentage of high school graduate, but a lower percentage of higher educational attainment compared to the entire nation (bachelor’s degree or higher). Using Thompson and Hickey’s model for social class in the United States (2005), my family would be considered working class. This is defined as “clerical, pink and blue collar workers with often low job security; common household incomes range from $16,000 to $30,000 [and] high school education” (Thompson et al., 2005). My mother currently works as a part-time waitress and is going to community college to receive an associate’s degree in accounting. My father has been working as a full-time cook at a Chinese restaurant in Oakland Chinatown for about 25 years. His highest level of educational attainment is high school. These racial and social class demographics are important in understanding my social location.

When looking at the economics within City Heights East it is 17% lower than the San Diego average for the cost of living. Yet it is 12% higher for the cost of living than the National average. Living anywhere in San Diego is going to be expensive when comparing it to the national average because we live where people vacation. Yet it is relatively cheap to live here when comparing it to the San Diego average. With this comes crime and other aspects of lower poverty level neighborhoods.

California’s housing situation is severe compared to the rest of the United States. California is included in the top three states with the most “housing cost burdened individuals” (Joint Center for Housing Studies of Harvard University, 2015). In a list of 20 cities where rents were highest compared to income, 10 of the 20 cities were in California with Los Angeles, CA topping the list (Dewan, 2014). Opponents might say that households in poverty could never afford housing due to their impoverished state but poverty measures of California show that the abnormally high cost of housing in California makes matters more severe and causes the amount of households that are severely cost afflicted to increase. Furthermore, when poverty measures take into account California’s uniquely expensive and insufficient housing supply, the results show that housing costs contribute significantly to poverty. For example, when housing costs were included in the California Poverty Measure as well as federal Supplemental Poverty Measure, the poverty rates rose substantially (Wimer, Mattingly, & Levin, 2013) (Short, 2015). And when high housing costs were artificially substituted with low housing costs, poverty rates significantly dropped (Bohn, Danielson, & Levin, 2013). And it’s not just the poor who are affected! Even those who are moderate income earners are becoming financially burdened by high housing costs. Those who are moderately well off compared to low income earners are financially burdened by rent costs in expensive cities like San Francisco and Los Angeles, CA (Joint Center for Housing Studies of Harvard University,

Now days walking down the streets of Atlanta, we see the new neighborhoods consisting of condos, Starbucks, yoga classes and Chipotle. Gentrification is a growing problem in urban areas as the influx of the riches have caused the displacement of lower class families due to higher economic demands and local politics. According to Diane K. Levy, Jennifer Comey and Sandra Padilla (2005), “We define gentrification as the process whereby higher-income households move into low income neighborhoods, escalating the area’s property values to the point that displacement occurs. In addition to changes in economic class, gentrification often involves a change in a neighborhood’s racial and ethnic composition…” (p.1). Though gentrification has lasting affects on the economic status of cities, there are also repercussions that not only effect working individuals but also the students that attend school in these gentrified areas. When areas are gentrified, schools are rezoned thus leading to long lasting consequences that students must face. Some believe that gentrification is beneficial to a growing economy in a growing city, but the realities of the its lasting effects on education are often left under the radar. The issues that lie within the education system as it pertains to gentrification include day segregation and unequal opportunities between affluent and low-income areas.

One urban problem these immigrants face when arriving to Los Angeles is having a lack of education, and not being able to become educated properly. According to “5 Challenges Facing the Hispanic/Latino Community in the U.S.”, by Elias Moitinho, “Hispanics/Latinos have low levels of educational attainments” where “the high school dropout rate among Latino youths (17%) is nearly three times as high as it is among white youths (6%) and nearly double the rate among blacks (9%).” This issue facing Hispanic immigrants as they settle in Los Angeles can be related to poverty where “reportedly, 5 million Latinos (one-third of their total number) are living in poverty in the state” of California (Palash Ghosh). Considering how poverty is relevant to Hispanic immigrants, this leads to fiscal problems where services such as public education lack funding, resulting in an education crisis. Another urban problem is the issue of transportation use. Hispanic immigrants require transportation to get to their locations such as work, and many rely on public transportation due to their economic conditions. These immigrants reply on “a diverse transportation network” that is “especially important for those without cars, which includes…17 percent of Latino… households” (Manuel Pastor). Another urban challenge immigrant Hispanics face is settling in areas

According to a report of Orange County Register by Roosevelt, Roosevelt, (August 9, 2015), Orange Country poverty is growing tremendously because of income variation, homelessness and overcrowded housing. By federal criteria, Orange County’s poverty rate was 8.8 percent in the previous nine years, which has risen to 13.5 percent recently. For a family of four, that means an annual income below $24,00. However, Orange County’s cost of living is 46 percent higher than the national average. The main reason, which accounts for a range of local factors, including housing price and Orange County’s poverty rate. According to Roosevelt (August 9, 2015) “in Orange County, third of Youths under 12 live in poverty, which is higher proportion than in the surrounding counties of Los Angeles, Riverside, San Bernadine and San Diego”. Even though, Orange

The city of Irvine has been named the safest city in America for two years in a row. This kind of environment is perfect for families whom want to raise their children in a safe environment. Irvine had a total urban population of 236,716 people in 2013, where 113,412 (47.9%) are males and 123,304 (52.1%) are females. The population has immensely increased by about 65.5% since 2013. The median age of Irvine residents is 34.8 years, which is quite similar to the California median age of 35.7 years. The estimated median household income for the residents in 2013 was $87,830, the estimated per capita income was $40,216, and the estimated median house/condo value was of $662,000. All of these values have been increasing since 2000, thus the overall living quality of Irvine’s residents has been increasing over time. The ethnicities of the city are: 44.3% white, 38.6% Asian, 11.8% Hispanic, 3.4% two or more races, 1.4% black, 0.4% others, 0.06% Indian and 0.01% Hawaiian/other Pacific Islander. There are about a total of 135,907 households, of which 111,858 are family households. The largest section for the highest education attained for both males and females 25 and older was the bachelor’s degree with about 30,000 people, with the second largest group having attained a college education for a year but not graduated. The vast majority of people have at least graduated high school and there is a hefty amount of people pursuing professional or doctorate degrees. Most of the workers

So, that Latinos may progress in helping their communities and race to move forward in bettering their lives, education, and in having access to more amenities. Actually, in 2013, Palmdale had violated the state voting laws that impeded Latinos and blacks from winning office. In the Los Angeles Times, it is mentioned that there is only one Latino City Council yet no black council member. (Frank Shyong, Abbey Sewell and Joseph Serna, 2013). It is just one of many examples that happens to minorities in Palmdale. It shows how Palmdale still hasn’t fully immersed itself in diversifying itself when it comes to official positions in city and council. Also, Palmdale is similar to San Fernando, in which, Latinos tend to live in the east side more often than whites; therefore, having less income and less amenities, like parks, transportation, and attending better schools that have more funded programs. (Data USA: Palmdale, CA, n.d.). Much of this information comes from the year 2015. Both cities compare through the ethnic relations in where minorities come from a lower class, struggling financially, having less of an education, and living in areas where poverty is high. The contrast from city is that the population numbers differ, people living in Palmdale have a lower income; thereby, Palmdale has a higher poverty rate than San Fernando as a whole. San Fernando has

Bill A.3080 states that prisoners who are part of the “special population” are not allowed to be placed in segregated confinement for any length of time, this includes twenty-one years or age or younger; (b) fifty-five years of age or older; (c) with a disability as defined in subdivision twenty-one of section two hundred ninety-two of the executive law, including but not limited to, for purposes of mental impairment, persons with a serious mental illness as defined in paragraph (e) of subdivision six of section one hundred thirty-seven of this chapter; (d) who is pregnant, is in the first eight weeks of the post-partum recovery period after giving birth, or is caring for a child in a correctional institution

Denver and Colorado Springs are Colorado’s two largest cities with populations close to 600,000 and 416,000 respectively as of 2010. Both of these cities have seen significant population growth since 1980, however, the two cities have radically different racial makeups as a result of this growth. In Denver, the Hispanic population grew by nearly 100,000 people while the Non-Hispanic Black population was relatively stagnant over the 4 decades and the Non-Hispanic White population dipped from approximately 326,000 to nearly 288,000 for 2 decades before returning to over 313,000 in 2010. Over the same timeframe, Colorado Springs saw a marked growth in the Non-Hispanic White population from close to 180,000 people in 1980 to nearly 300,000 in 2010

This source is a demonstration of a study completed in three cities: San Diego, El Paso and Miami. It closely scrutinizes the connection

The metropolitan area I chose to analyze was New Orleans MA. The data collected by five new realities were greatly affected by the devastation that Hurricane Katrina caused. New Orleans was generally not able to conform to the new realities. The population of New Orleans MA dropped a total of 11% and lost more people than any other of the nation’s biggest urban areas. The New Orleans metro area is more diverse in 2012 than in 2000, with a gain of 40,577 Hispanics and 5,582 additional Asian residents. The Latino population in the metro increased to 69 % between 2000 and 2012 - a rate greater than the nation 's 50 % growth. The baby boomers clustered around the 35- to 54-year old age group in 2000 and around the 45- to 64-year old age group in 2012, mainly because of the decline and outmigration of younger populations. . In regards to education, the proportion of adults 25 years and older with less than a high school education declined, leading to a metro-wide decrease from 22

Today, no single ethnic or racial group makes up a majority of San Diego’s population. Non-Hispanic or Latino whites comprise 45.1% of the population (U.S. Census Bureau 2014), and have decreased by 2.8% between 2000 and 2010 ("San Diego City Redistricting"). Hispanics or Latinos comprise 28.8% (U.S. Census Bureau 2014), and have increased by 21% in the same time period. This demographic is expected to surpass the number of whites by 2050 (Keats 2013). Blacks or African Americans comprise 6.7% (U.S. Census Bureau 2014), and about 11,500 Blacks or African Americans left the city between 2000 and 2010 ("San Diego City Redistricting"). Asians comprise 15.9% of the population (U.S. Census Bureau 2014), and the subgroup of Asian Pacific-Americans “comprise the greatest growth” of 24% from 2000 to 2010 ("San Diego City Redistricting"). Relatively large immigrant populations of Somalians, Vietnamese, and Iraqis are currently moving into areas such as City Heights, a community that some consider to presently be the greatest refugee hub in the United States

Chinatown, Olvera Street, and Compton all contributed to culturally diversity and the expansion of Los Angeles. Although Los Angeles has become rich in cultures, its evolution did not go without racial tensions and segregation. With the arrival of blacks from the south, white-Los Angeles did always recognize the minority community. Angelenos did not always embrace diversity with pride, but perhaps the sad part is not the fact that racial segregation took place, but the fact that it was not created by just the individual, but also by the organization. Federal programs like the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) and the Homeowner’s Loan Corporation (HOLC) divided up Los Angeles into a complex socio-economic racial-class system. The influences of the local level influenced the federal level and revolutionized the finance industry. (Avila, lecture 2/5/02) These federal organizations blatantly labeled minorities as derogatory, uneducated, second-class citizens that brought down property value in “white” neighborhoods. Latinos and Black were often labeled as a “minority problem” and even as a “disease” on official HOLC documents. The HOLC implemented strict government guidelines and kept maps of white neighborhoods confidential. It also devised a formal and uniform style of appraising homes by breaking neighborhoods into race classifications by letter. As Waldie states, “The Montana Land Company made it clear that lots were

In this report, the question “How much of the changes in the median selling price of homes in a city can be explained by the changes in median income of that city?” is answered. Home ownership is an important aspect of one’s life stages, and home prices are determined by demand and supply. The demand curve is affected by the one’s income, such that as one’s income increases, one is more willing to pay a higher price for the same quantity of goods (Baye & Prince, 2014). However, there are many other factors that might affect the demand curve, e.g. no. of children, in the household, the perceived quality of education in the school district, or the number of job positions (filled or open) around the city. According to Burda