During the 1950s and 1960s, partnerships between universities and the American defense establishment flourished. Throughout those two decades, academic institutions and military institutions cooperated in many forms; via Federal Contract Research Centers, academically-oriented consulting corporations, military-funded science programs, and informal linkages. These organizations – notable ones include MIT’s Draper Laboratories, the Stanford Research Institute, MIT’s Center for International Studies, and American University’s Special Operations Research Office – worked at the intersection of two social fields: one academic and the other military. What accounted for this boom? One explanation of the rise of these quasi-military, …show more content…
Simulmatics’ inaugural project – the purpose of its founding – was constructing a simulation of the 1960 presidential election. Working for the eventually successful Kennedy campaign, Simulmatics translated social-scientific research on voting behavior – mostly from Lazarsfeld’s 1954 Voting, an evolution of The People’s Choice – into a working model of the American electorate that could predict the consequences of hypothetical campaign strategies. Later, Simulmatics branched into other fields, receiving military contracts to study communications behavior in the Soviet Union and American counterinsurgency programs in Vietnam, where Simulmatics contracted social science professors and graduate students into the field. How did Simulmatics so quickly gain the credibility to authoritatively analyze such diverse phenomenon – from voting patterns and information diffusion to military strategy – so quickly? One explanation credits Simulmatics’ intellectual ability and technological aptitude. Simulmatics, this line of argument holds, had answers to tough problems and the technology to prove it. A different explanation, the one this paper forwards, instead emphasizes the role of social networks and social capital (the resources that result from a position in the social structure). This does not mean that Ithiel de Sola Pool or Simulmatics merely were more connected. Pool and
“For the Common Defense, a military history of the United States from 1607-2012” is a military historic book written by Allan R. Millet, Peter Maslowski, and William B. Feis. Millet is a historian and a retired colonel of the Marine Corps. Maslowski is a professor at the University of Nebraska. Feis is a professor at Buena Vista University. This book was published in September 2012. It focuses on chronologically describing the changes of the United States military for over 400 years. Even though that is the main purpose, it does include political information. Although this book does not have an exact thesis, its purpose is to inform readers of the creation and enhancements of the US military. At almost 700 pages, this book educates about
During the 1950’s we see an economic boom in America. A large amount of this growth has to do with the money made by Corporations with Military Contracts making goods and supplies for the United States Military. With the Cold War beginning the push for new invention in aviation, rocket propulsion, energy, and even automobiles was at the forefront of national defense. Industrial giants like Boeing, General Dynamics, and Raytheon received 60% if their income from the Defense Department. Ten percent of the domestic (GDP) was from military spending. With fears of falling behind the Soviet Union, gaining any edge in innovation was important. The government even funneled millions of dollars into American Universities for scholarships and research
A) The title of the book is The New American Militarism: How Americans are Seduced by War and the author is Andrew Bacevich. The book was published in New York, New York by the publisher Oxford University Press in the year 2005. It is the first edition and contains 270 pages.
In the book “ For the Common Defense: A Military History of the United States from 1607 to 2012” by Allan R. Millett , Peter Maslowski, and William B. Feis tell their readers about all the major historical events that occurred in the United States and how they either brought up or brought down the United States later in the future. The authors organize the book by listing the historic events in chronological order. The authors built the structure of the book by using a large vocabulary and by having a formal tone in order to catch their audience attention which are professors and/or students. The purpose of this book is to inform and educate others on the major historic events that occurred in the United States so that they will have a better understanding on the events that built up the Unites States.
During this last half of the twentieth century the US military was under siege from all sides, internal and external. The root cause of this situation can be traced back to Vietnam and the governments lack of true commitment. What resulted was the near destruction of the US military. The military managed to come out in the end to become perhaps the best military in the world by completely reevaluating itself and reorganizing almost every aspect . The primary focus will be on the reorganization of the Army and Air force, and how they were affected by the disaster of Vietnam. The US military managed to come out one top through completely reorganizing the way the military works and thinks. Focusing
By slow stages, large and sustained military expenditures produced an enduring Military-Industrial Complex with the self-serving consequences suggested by the World War II economy and, more seriously, with the potential for perpetuating the forces of modern warfare which had provided for the initial growth of such a complex (90).
The United States has involved itself in several missions shrouded in secrecy throughout the nation’s short history. Operations, like the Iran-Contra Affair, and the Central Intelligence Agency’s (CIA) role in Afghanistan are just two examples of these types of secret government missions, which have become public knowledge. Both operations occurred under the helm of President Reagan, who outlined a clear agenda, promising to fight the spread of the Soviet social influence of communism. Moreover, other similarities are observed between the two covert missions, like providing armaments, equipment, and training to foreign rebel forces to assist in combating communist influences (National Security Archive 2006, Johnson 2011). Moreover, various government agencies were used in the operations for distinct purposes. The comparison of the Iran-Contra Affair and the CIA’s role in the Afghanistan war, aid in revealing a picture of how covert operations were used in the 1980s, in combat communism, while achieving other presidential agenda items, like securing American hostages (PBS n.d.).
Not only do the Army, Navy, and the Air Force send troops here, but foreign services like the Israelis and the British also trade students for the opportunity to earn the Marine Sniper designation.” (By Business
The defendants will set out to argue the following points. We argue that we, W.R. Grace & Company, Beatrice Foods Company, and UniFirst Corporation are NOT responsible for the contamination of wells G and H of East Woburn with toxic chemicals, including trichloroethylene (TCE) and tetrachloroethylene, also known as perchloroethylene (PCE). We therefore argue that we are not responsible for the contamination of the drinking water in wells G and H of East Woburn, the contamination of which allegedly caused the reported cases of sickness, including cases of leukemia, as well as other illnesses including, cardiac arrhythmias and disorders of the immune and neurological systems. Finally, we claim no responsibility for the death of James “Jimmy” Anderson or for the illness he contracted. Overall, we deny any charges against W.R. Grace & Company, Beatrice Foods Company, and UniFirst Corporation of contaminating the wells’ drinking water, and also bringing about illnesses on to the East Woburn community.
Pielke and Roberta explore the rise and fall of presidential science advisor. During President Kennedy’s reign, argues the duo, the position of presidential science advisor was more involved in matters of great national importance. Chief of such matters included defense, education space, disarmament and international cooperation. According to Pielke and Roberta (6), the President’s military and intelligence advisors provide critical intelligence information about any planned trip of the President including Kennedy’s Dallas trip.
The rise of ‘mass politics’ in this era altered the way political machines operated, the greater political awareness brought about by masses
The Salem Witch Trials were a dark time in the history of the United States. During this time, dozens of innocent people were convicted of the crime of preforming witchcraft, and were forced to either confess to a crime they did not commit, or hang for it. The horrors and absurd nature of this time were well captured within the play “The Crucible” by Arthur Miller. Within the third act of the play the characters John Proctor, Francis Nurse and Giles Corey attempt to introduce evidence to defend their wives who have been convicted of the outrageous crime of witchcraft. Although the three of these men put up a bold argument questioning the very foundations of the court, their defense was doomed to fail. Not only were the men fighting against the principles that had united the entire village, but many factors were fighting against them as well. Overall, the three most prevalent factors that eventually led to the failure of the defense were the abuse of the chaos surrounding the Salem Witch trials to seek vengeance for personal grudges, the nature of the court proceedings, and the good intention of Johns Proctor’s wife, Elizabeth, gone wrong.
I am the one academic, traveling from Columbia University, to explore research in 9/11 coalition warfare. This is my first Council trip, and I do not know what to expect. Having completed the membership process just the year prior, I am (only slowly) acclimating to the wide-ranging company that the Council keeps. Gatherings at its grand Manhattan house include diverse visitors. From dictator Libyan President Muammar Gaddafi to human-rights leader South African Archbishop Desmond Tutu, it is a distinctly (alt: distinct? I prefer distinctly though) big-tent approach in keeping with the Council 's realist principles of international security.
The history of the National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) spans over 70 years despite its much shorter 55-year existence and encompasses a tale of necessity and opportunity in the face of newly emerging technologies in the late 1940s and early 1950s (Richelson, 2012, p. 36). This paper will discuss the vast and rich history of this intelligence agency, its duties, and responsibilities as well as its limitations and the challenges it faces to accomplish its mission. Finally, we will look at how and why this agency is associated with the intelligence community as well as it effectiveness throughout its long existence.
The founders of Simulmatics were elsewhere during World War Two. Ithiel Pool was not working on military defense projects. He, and many other Simulmatics affiliates, were instead working towards psychological defense of the homeland. Pool worked for the Experimental Division for the Study of War Time Communications, a secret research group working under the Department of War. Pool, and other communications theorists, most notably Harold Lasswell, was initially tasked with developing an automatic translator. When machine translation proved untenable, Pool and his colleagues moved on to other applications of the text analysis techniques they had developed for machine translation. The division developed quantitative content analysis techniques that could, using statistical reasoning, determine whether or not a domestic publication was serving as Nazi propaganda. Tracking the prevalence of symbols (words and phrases associated with subterfuge, insurgency, and Nazism), could,