130,000 years of palaeoenvironmental and palaeoclimatic change in East Africa: An evaluation of the status of our understanding
Over the last two decades, there has been intensive work undertaken to understand African palaeoclimates, in order to put together a more coherent picture of how the environment and climate have varied in the past. East Africa is of particular interest with the debates surrounding the “out-of-Africa” migrations of anatomically modern humans (e.g. Appenzellar, 2012; Armitage et al, 2011; Balter, 2011; Cruciani et al, 2011). It is still premature for any grand synthesis of the region’s climatic past when the patchiness of the palaeoclimatic and palaeoenvironmental records are acknowledged, and in light of the complexity of the climate forcing mechanisms across this region (Berke et al, 2014). The warning “causation, correlation or coincidence” still very much applies to all exercises in explanation and more regional-scale work is certainly necessary (McIntosh et al. 2015). This essay initially takes the lens of human evolution to evaluate the status of our understanding of the palaeoenvironmental and palaeoclimatic change during the critical “Out-of-Africa” migration periods. This is followed by an in-depth review of the palynological record in East Africa and associated records. This evaluation focuses on the last 130 kya, the upper boundary of which, marks the start of the Eemian interglacial. This coincides with the date determined by recent
The film Higher Learning is a call to action. It is a film that shows people as products of their environment. The film is set on a college campus, a place where most people learn about what they will do in their adult life to try to better the world or simply educate themselves in order to live a better life. However, life on the Columbus campus is not good; it is a battlefield between the races and sexes. I feel it is a bit exaggerated, but it allows people to see some of the issues that go on, on a college campus. The film focuses on three freshman (Malik, Kristen, & Remy) entering college. They enter a less than ideal new world that is filled with tension, anxiety and fear. Although the writer uses stereotypical characters, it
The cultural diversity and advancements portray the progression developed in African history. The growth of these two subcontinents prove that American and European historians were incorrect on how advanced and civilized Africa was.
History suggests that the overwhelming majority of human beings have had to choose between either tyranny or anarchy
Africa is the second largest continent in the world that was shaped 550 million years ago. Houses 800 million people that speak more than one-thousand languages and regional dialects. I was amazed that the native people of this region could speak many different languages. Africa is known for its vegetation, rainfall, mineral resources, and topography. The vast majority of its geography is grassland and woodlands that support the migration of animals and livestock. There must be warm weather and rainfall, which is heavily relied upon for vegetation. The largest river that flows upward, but has a span that runs from the top of Africa to the bottom is called the Nile River. Africa is mostly recognized for its enormous enriched deposits of mineral resources. Learning about the importance of Africa is truly exceptional. Whenever someone thinks about Africa the first thought is, this is where blacks come from. People don’t talk about how wealthy Africa is nor do they shed positive light on this region. This continent is thought to be poor and a developing country, but this the ideal place for humankind to emerge. Although, I was unaware of the mitochondrial DNA tree study I was mind-blown. This study shows
Check this footing size with Table 3.3 in AS1684.2 or Table 3.1 in As1684.4. What is the footing classification type?
In recent years, Florida International University has been known to advocate and implement environmentally efficient solutions throughout its numerous campuses. The original home of FIU, the Modesto A. Maidique Campus was initially opened in 1969 with only a few buildings. As was typical of the time, most of the construction and systems in place were not environmentally conscious. Over the years, many buildings were added, and when it came time to create a new academic research building in February 2013, one of the goals was to try and obtain LEED Gold certification from the US Green Building Council by implementing a multitude of environmentally-responsible features.
American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: Author.
The changes in weather in this arid climate and the sand on the shore of Lake Mungo have made the stratigraphic layers help in dating these human remains. The reasons for the age discrepancy include that the age of Mungo I was fifteen to twenty thousand years older than previous radiocarbon based estimates. A significant climatic change happened about forty thousand years ago causing burial practices to adapt to drier conditions.
In many instances, individuals neglect to acknowledge the importance of school and a higher education. The individuals who view education as their number one priority see staying in school is important. Why is it important? Is staying in school going to benefit the student/individual? In this essay, I will explain why the literate arts are important and for what they are good. I will also give the opinions of others and what my views are.
At some point everyone likes to get a good laugh while watching a comedy. The hit series, Full House, would be an excellent situational comedy to watch. Lead actor, Danny is going through a rough time and needs help. Full House is filled with laughter and also a bit of seriousness at some points.
Here we are going to discuss some of the evidence that led our ancestors to moving out of Africa and who they were. Taking a look at their environment, archaeological sites and technologies. Then we will discuss the rise of the Neanderthals and what led them to being prominent in Europe before we ever got there. We will then go over when our two
English 101-60 has taught me many things and has helped me grow and develop my skills as a writer. It has taught me how to think more creatively and use clear concrete details. In the beginning of the semester, our first writing assignment was a narrative journal entry that focused on writing about an uninteresting moment from your life and making it interesting. This was a challenging assignment because it was a broad topic that allowed the writers to take it in any direction. I remember thinking I had no idea what I am going to write about. Once I was able to narrow down the ideas I started writing what a traumatic experience I had six years ago. This was when I underwent the surgical procedure, to remove my gallbladder. My main focus
The Article Ancestors was published in August 2001 it was published by Archaeological Institute of America and was intended for anthropologists. This article informs readers that two new fossils where found in Kenya, which gives us evidence that we did not evolve from a single ancestor. This gives us new insight not only on how species evolve but more importantly where we came from. The author put pictures in the article to show the fossils and a map to show where they were found. The pictures give readers visual evidence on how the species are related to us and that we evolved from more than one species. The author also goes into detail about the skull and skeleton parts that where found. Stating where they were found, how old they are, and
A dinosaur skull discovered in African gives a slight indication about Africa's past. A discovery has been made that a fossil skull of a dinosaur has been encountered and has had to live about 95 million years ago and it was 30 feet long. It was called the Rugops primus, Which means " first wrinkled face ".
To contrast Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations, we take a look at West Africa and the Niger River Valley. The Niger River Valley may have become civilized much later than Mesopotamia and Egypt. Because of this the first cities of West Africa were thought to be trade centers. Archeologists once thought that trade had originally brought cities to West Africa and outsiders had introduced city building. However, upon further investigation, this viewpoint is challenged. Technology was much more advanced by the time African cities were constructed. Iron smelting had been developed and introduced to the people of the region. The Bantu people of lower Niger had begun giving up nomadic herding and are responsible for spreading their knowledge of agriculture to the tip of South Africa. It appears that the Bantu people had not built cities but someone must