Spontaneous Adverse Event Reporting

Radley, D., Wasserman, M., Olsho, L., Shoemaker, S., Spranca, M., & Bradshaw, B. (2013). Reduction in medications errors in hospitals due to adop

| Report the adverse drug experience in a timely manner, in keeping with the IRB's policies and procedures, using the forms or the mechanism provided by the IRB.

Each year, roughly 1.5 million adverse drug events (ADEs) occur in acute and long-term care settings across America (Institute of Medicine [IOM], 2006). An ADE is succinctly defined as actual or potential patient harm resulting from a medication error. To expound further, while ADEs may result from oversights related to prescribing or dispensing, 26-32% of all erroneous drug interventions occur during the nursing administration and monitoring phases (Anderson & Townsend, 2010). These mollifiable mishaps not only create a formidable financial burden for health care systems, they also carry the potential of imposing irreversible physiological impairment to patients and their families. In an effort to ameliorate cost inflation, undue detriment, and the potential for litigation, a multifactorial approach must be taken to improve patient outcomes. Key components in allaying drug-related errors from a nursing perspective include: implementing safety and quality measures, understanding the roles and responsibilities of the nurse, embracing technological safeguards, incorporating interdisciplinary collaborative efforts, and continued emphasis upon quality control.

When it comes to medication errors several things may occur such as adverse drug event, unexpected deterioration, and even death in severe cases. AHRQ (2015) states, “an adverse drug event (ADE) is defined as harm experienced by a patient as a result of exposure to a medication, and ADEs account for nearly 700,000 emergency department visits 100,000 hospitalizations each year.” There are many ways that errors may occur such as dispensary errors, prescription errors

The significance of the study is to discuss and clarify why bedside reporting is the best method of patient handoff. The benefits associated with this kind of bedside reporting and if implemented, how it will be of help to

Also, Public Health concerned on entire populations’ health, there no specify that force on, but these populations can be as small as a local neighborhood, or as huge as an entries country or region of the world. Which means basically that Public health protects and promotes health care to people in community by work with other partners around the worlds like Monitor health, detect and investigate health problems, research conduct to enhance preventions, develop and advocate public health policies, implement prevention strategies, and promote healthy behaviors. For example, some public heath concept are Community partnerships, develop policies, and link people to needed services. How they work is? Community partnerships will provide facilitate and emergency preparedness for their people. Develop policies create some laws and regulations how to run the public heath department run and how they can develop it further beyond the world. Link people to needed services like community health centers, clinics, and effective care for socially disadvantaged people. All in all, in public heath concept works together, try to safe and help people in community from

Medication errors are focused on: terms and definitions; incidence of and harm; risk factors; avoidance; disclosure, legalities & consequences (Wittich, Burkle & Lanier, 2014). Medication errors categories have been developed by the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP). Examples of these categories are based on prescribing, omitting drugs not administered, timing, unauthorized drug, wrong dosage, wrong preparation, expired drug, not using laboratory data to monitor toxicity (Wittich, Burkle & Lanier, 2014). Additionally, this article examines in depth common causes leading to medication errors, drug nomenclature, similar sounding drugs, unapproved abbreviations and handwriting, medical staff shortages and manufacturer medication shortages. Even though this article provides an informative overview for physicians, other allied health personnel may benefit too. This is valuable knowledge for the health care professional not just physicians in order to provide safe care for their

results, however it is at the mercy of  the government for fiscal support and therefore

Balancing activity of medication botches relies upon epidemiological data, area of bungles, and changes in execution. Support of principles is the best quality level in recognizing troublesome prescription related events and, in future, automated watching will be the system for getting threatening events beforehand they happen. Specifying reveals arrangement bungles, can trigger notification, and backings the scattering of a culture of safe practice. Audit is a for the most part clear instrument for evaluating bona fide execution and in masterminding remedial exercises to diminish the peril of arrangement goofs.

It is revealed that more mistakes are made in prescription and these mistakes associated with adverse drug reaction (ADR). To avoid prescription mistakes, in some health care settings pharmacist take that responsibility of correcting medication errors related with wrong drug, wrong dose, and prescription of allergic

With this practice, it critical that timely, accurate, and complete health information collected is maintained securely and made available to the medical team of an individual's healthcare team so that members of the team can accurately diagnose and take care of that

It is, therefore, critical to educate and encourage ADR self-reporting among nurses to manage patient safety and improve patient outcomes. Diligent and standardized reporting of ADRs ensures efficient and safe use of medications. Once the adverse drug reactions are detected and reported, the multidisciplinary team can examine, evaluate and implement effective clinical processes to prevent reoccurrences. The patient health outcomes are thus improved, as measures taken significantly reduce risks associated with medication use.

According to the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) (2011), any error should not be taken lightly especially when harm is sustained. First, the internal notification should be initiated and inform those who need to be aware of the event such as manager, physician, patient safety officer, risk management, and pharmacy if the event related to a drug (AHRQ, 2011). Second, the external notification, which requires reporting the error to the proper organization to follow through such as Department of Health (DOH), Error Reporting Program (ERP), or The Joint Commission (TJC); this report will alert other organization can take the appropriate precautions to prevent the occurrence of similar events (AHRQ, 2011). The third step in creating a blame-free culture is to investigate and analyze the event, then learn the proper method to communicate with the employee, the patient, and family members, if they witnessed the incident (AHRQ, 2011).

This form captures the type of adverse event, its start and end dates, level of severity and relation to the study medication. It records actions taken as part of the study to address this event, in addition to other actions outside of the study provisions. The form is completed at any phase of treatment by the nurse or principal investigator.

The PHR was one of three health information systems that came to the limelight in 2009 (the others are the Electronic Medical Record and the Electronic Health Record), when the Institute of Medicine intensified efforts to improve the quality of the process of collection of patient data. The data collection process was prone to error, and was a principal source of wrong medication with adverse drug effect. With the PHR, and unlike other health information systems, patients could access and crosscheck their records, transfer their records between different healthcare organizations or organize and manage records generated by different health organizations into a single system. Additionally, in this era of rising cost of healthcare provision, decreasing labour