1. Status of Arabization in School
Roberts (2003) shows that when Algeria gained its independence, it was linguistically a pluralistic country with a rich linguistic baggage influenced by Berber, Phoenician, Roman, Vandal, Byzantine, Jewish, Moor, Arabic, Spanish, Ottoman and French. He further adds that the Arabization policy in independent Algeria denied any existence of the languages actually spoken, and promoted the literary classical Arabic which is considered as the lingua franca of the Arab middle-east. Arabization of the Algerian educational system was pursued from 1962 to 1975 since Arabic was considered as the national and official language while French was language to be used temporarily and provisionally. The newly appointed
…show more content…
According to Benrabeh, (2004) in 1966, out of a total of 13,000 Arabized teachers at primary schools, 3,500 were non-Algerians. These teachers’ lacked qualifications, their accent represented a handicap. The majority of the new coming teachers were members of the Muslim brotherhood who were mainly interested in spreading their ideology (Saad, 1992). They followed the conventional teaching approach which makes use of rote memorization and physical punishment (Grandguillaume, 2004; Wardhaugh, 1987).
In 1971, the punctual system, or as Gordon, (1978) calls it, a step-by step system, was adopted, that is Arabizing all subjects on a given level rather than Arabizing geographically (according to regions) or vertically (all levels at the same time). By 1974, the primary school was fully Arabized with French being taught at the fourth grade. At the secondary level, one-third of the math and sciences sections were Arabized (Grandguillaume, 1983).
Until the 1970’s the educational system consisted of the primary school 05 years, middle school: 04 years and the secondary school: 03 years. (Benrabah, 1999).In 1976, a new schooling system called the fundamental school took place. It was a fusion of the primary and middle school (09 years) with all the subjects taught in Arabic except the foreign languages (Assous, 1985; Saad, 1992).
Arabization had a considerable impulse during Boumediene’s presidency (1965-1978) and that was aligned with a dramatic decline in
The Gulf Co-operation Council (GCC) countries were among the countries that gave remarkable importance and attention to reforming their education systems. Some GCC countries ventured taking highly ambitious and radical measures to reform its education system. The United Arab Emirates (UAE) is a good example and is the context that this paper focuses on. Christine Thorne (2011) reports that “it is clear that the leadership of the country is exerting great pressure for reform in schools and there is a sense of urgency about the need for large-scale change”. Some of the measures taken by the educational leadership were really successful and obviously led to other successes on smaller scales i.e. seeking professional development on the part of teachers; while some other measures were seen as disastrous i.e. sacking a considerable number of really qualified math and science teachers due to their failure
Coming from an Arab American household, there has always been an emphasis on higher education and higher socio economic status. I believe that it is something that can be found in various Arab American Communities in the United States and these standards set in the household show when you look at the statistics as to where Arab Americans stand on both educational and socio economical scales. This paper will look into the history of Arabs in the United States, as well as the demographics of the Arab community in the U.S, and cultural and physiological backings that may all have influence on education. My goal for this research paper is to find the reasons behind the Arab American strive for education and socioeconomic success and whether the Arab culture has a positive or negative influence on the success of Arab Americans.
Coming from a family of 7 teachers, education was crucial to us growing up. Private schools were far more superior over the public schools especially in the languages and social studies fields. Attending such school, has educated me on the Arabic, French, and English languages and culture. Learning three different languages and cultures has educated me heavily on the importance of diversity, open mindedness and adjusting to new things. All of which became very important to me when I learned I’m moving to Canada at the age of nine. Knowing three languages helped me enormously while transitioning from Lebanon to Canada since I could communicate with my new classmates. Also knowing different languages and cultures makes it very hard to be closed minded. Knowing so much about many different societies at a young age develops a habit of accepting others. Also learning Arabic since preschool, French since kindergarten and English since grade four prepared me to quickly and constantly learn different things without much
Algerians were once under the rule of the Ottoman empire and a lot of Algerians ended up becoming Muslim. Although the Algerian people were happy to see the end of the Ottoman rule they did not want to be under the new rule of the French government who had helped them get rid of the Ottoman. In an Article called Algeria: What were the effects of assimilation the author describes the life of Muslim Algerian natives after the French came a drove out the Ottoman Empire and the struggles Algeria faced to become independent. “By the late 19th century, colonial policies had turned Muslims into second class citizens compared to European settlers. Laws defined Algerians as subjects rather than citizens unless they agreed…”. The French that governed
In Europe when they took over countries they sent smaller government officials to rule over the countries and teach them the mother country's language. Algeria was taken over by France and they replaced it's language and religion with it's own. Most of the cultures still exist in small groups in the countries but they are not the legal languages. Europe gave the people in the other countries education and health benefits and new technology. Most of the people probably didn't want their whole culture being
cultures and their behavior styles; in order for the culture to accept any type of assistance medical, financial, and education and assist in breaking barriers for counseling with this culture. Arab is one of the well-known culture around the world with a strong connection with Islam. They believe in one God (Allah) and Muhammad is his prophet. In addition, they also believe in Jewish and Christian tradition. Furthermore Arabs are not all Muslim, not are all Muslims Arab. Fewer 20% of Muslims worldwide are Arabs (Hasnain, Shaikh, & Shanawani 2008). There are 22 countries that Arabs are currently living in United States that share common terms of religion, language, and culture; however they vary politically, socially, and economically,
According to the reading passage, the America grade school system is based on the European system of school organization. The text describes the elementary school since the beginning until the high school diploma. Normally, the students have teams of teachers divided for subjects.
Umar Haque is a teacher at Essex Islamic Academy where he is trusted to teach young children. He teaches “ religious classes and physical education” (“Isis Extremist”). While he was teaching at his old school between July 2015 and January 2016 the school got an ‘outstanding’ rating. He’s a really good teacher clearly. He even shows these Islamic
“Don’t let the Arab play dodgeball with us. He might try killing us.” As I looked around exasperatedly for the origin of this voice, I was greeted with a barrage of laughter. I did not have the cultural or linguistic qualifications to be deemed Arabic. Nor could my long, spindly arms cause harm. Yet, slowly, and in unison, each of my new sixth-grade classmates turned to stare at me. “Hey Arab, wipe that target off your forehead,” someone called out. I quickly realized my verbal assailant had mistakenly connected my tilak chandlo, a distinct Hindu forehead marking, with his own misinformed understanding of “Arab-ness.” My first lunch period ended with a bloody nose and a seat in the principal’s office. From that point forward, my future in middle school and high school appeared rather grim. The prospect of re-educating my peers seemed daunting and unmanageable.
Arabic, a once dominant language, is starting to take a back seat to English because of accessibility and communication on the internet. Instead of accepting diversity and the fact that English has a place in the Arab speaking world; many officials are discouraging the use of English and forcing Fusha Arabic on the public at a young age. This is an absurd effort from the government, as Arabic has influenced many other languages including English words such as admiral and scarlet. Arabic is also not a completely original language as it has had languages, such as Latin, influence much of the Arabic vocabulary. Instead of embracing the diversity and unifying the Arab world, the higher beings reject the language, causing much tension between the government and its citizens.
At the start of the 18th century, Middle Eastern countries witnessed their Eastern neighbors being overtaken by Western Europe and were faced with a choice: to pick apart or to be picked apart. It was from this dilemma that defensive developmentalism emerged in the Middle East. Empires such as the Ottomans, Persia, Tunisia, and Egypt began the process of centralizing their authority in order to assert effective control over their populations. The chief goal of defensive developmentalism for these empires was to assert their autonomy, whether that be autonomy from the Ottomans in the case of Egypt and Tunisia, or from outside imperialists in the Ottoman Empire and Persia. In order to accomplish these goals, defensive developmentalists undertook extensive reforms to establish their empires as relevant worldwide powers.
The term “Arab Spring” has emerged in academic literature as well as in the general media from about early 2011. It refers to the “awakening” of some Arab nations and the movements to replace authoritarian regimes with democratic ones. The theme of “spring” and “awakening” seems to have been borrowed from the 1989 reform movements in the former Eastern-block nations, such as in the former German Democratic Republic or Hungary. However, this comparison has been criticised by some analysts since both the circumstances which have led to these movements as well as the outcome of these reform efforts seem to differ quite a lot. Yet, the Arab Spring term seems to be still widely used and even found an extension in the creation of the term Arab Winter which refers to events that happened in 2012 in some Arab countries during which these reform movements seemed to have “cooled-off” and particular nations, such as Egypt, attempted to go back to the status-quo of the pre-2011 era.
James Joyce’s short story Araby delves into the life of a young adolescent who lives on North Richmond Street in Dublin, Ireland. Narrated in the boys’ perspective, he recounts memories of playing with friends and of the priest who died in the house before his family moved in. With unrestrained enthusiasm, the boy expresses a confused infatuation with the sister of his friend Mangan. She constantly roams his thoughts and fantasies although he only ever catches glimpses of her. One evening she speaks to him, confiding that she is unable to visit Araby, a bazaar. Stunned by the sudden conversation, the boy promises he will go and bring her back a small memento. In anticipation, the boy launches into a period of restless waiting and distraction
Different regions in the Middle East have different experienced different levels of colonialism. Prior to the First World War some regions of the Ottoman Empire were already under the influence of European countries (Owen 2006, p. 23). Between the first and second world wars most of the empire was formally divided between, and under the control of, Britain and France (Owen 2006, p. 25) and even after the second world war European influence lingered. Cole and Kandiyoti describe these periods as 'informal imperialism
Algeria was not always been independent and has been a part of several border and authority changes. Since its independency, Algeria has struggled to define its cultural identity. Several strategies have been employed to gain ground on its identity, such as promoting a policy of Arabization, loosening up the economy, and opening their political sphere. “Today the Algerian government seeks not only to sustain the recent ebb in violence and insecurity but also to promote greater unity within the country” (Defense Language Institute Foreign Language Center, 2011).