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Stereotyping And Stereotypes

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To many people, both inside and outside of the psychology field, stereotypes are seen as negative overstatements about individuals and groups of people, which may be used to justify discrimination (Allport, 1954/1979). However, there are distinctions to be made between stereotypes and the act of stereotyping. Stereotyping is a natural process that can actually be beneficial. This process has been characterized by different cognitive processes, such as perception and memory, and social theories, like social cognitive theory and self-categorization theory. Stereotypes, on the other hand, are the product of the stereotyping process and are judgements made about individuals or groups. Even though stereotyping is a natural process performed by …show more content…

So, when people are asked to retrieve information about a group of people, and they have organized the information based on the group as a whole (disregarding the individuals), they are likely to retrieve generalized traits that may not be an accurate representation of the individual group members. These generalized traits then become stereotypes for the group. The degree to which someone finds certain traits more prevalent in a group is dependent upon the availability of the trait in memory (Tversky & Kahneman, 1973). In Tversky’s and Kahneman’s study, they asked participants whether there are more words in the English language that start with the letter K or more words with the letter K as the third letter. There are more words with K as the third letter than there are words with K as the first letter, but participants declared the opposite. This is because it is easier to retrieve words starting with the letter K than it is to retrieve words with K as the third letter. The retrieval of memories can also be affected by the process of reality monitoring.
Reality monitoring is “the general process by which a person attributes a memory to an external or an internal source,” (Anderson & Slusher, 1986). When retrieving memories, people can confuse imagined events with real events. This failure in reality monitoring

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