Essay Substance

Descartes concludes from his first meditation that he is a thinking thing, and as long as he thinks, he exists. In the second meditation, Descartes attempts to define what the “thinking thing” that he concluded himself to be in the first meditation actually was. Descartes’ determines that he gains knowledge of the world, that is, knowledge that is separate from the mind, through the senses; and that the senses can deceive. This he outlines within the first meditation, and mentions on the second meditation. Furthermore, in the second meditation, Descartes refuses to define himself as a rational animal, instead going back and relying on labeling him mind as a thinking thing. In the fifth and sixth paragraphs of the second meditation, Descartes distinguishes the body from the soul. Descartes indicates that there is the presence of the body, and it seems to be in the physical world, but he also notes that his mind does not seem to exist in the same manner. Descartes also claims that the ability to perceive is a power of the soul, but inoperable without the body. Descartes then explores another object with physical substance, which is a piece of wax. The piece of wax is undeniably physical; it takes up space within the material world. The body falls into the category, just as any other physical object in the material world. The main point of Descartes’ second meditation is that any given person can know more about their mind than of the world surrounding them.

Chicago’s budget crisis has been one of the most unfortunate events of the decade. As a former student of Chicago Public Schools, myself and other students wanted the best for our education, but CPS school teachers and faculty are given the bad news that the City Council thinks we demand too much. Resulting in the Chicago Teachers Union strike of 2012, budget cuts, and many other events impacting things within the schools, it is no longer new to students, who also encounter what goes on outside, such as political news or neighborhood violence. Those in schools feel that it has been the place to be and to feel secure. Now that I have recently graduated, I have encountered a similar want for the best for my education through my college. As

The two philosophers, however, had some differences in regard to the number of substances and their attributes. In spite of the fact that Descartes’ definition presents God as absolutely faultless; this presentation does not see him as more of a substance than every other finite substance. Descartes does not show God as the only substance, but he holds that there are other finite substances. Accordingly, the term ‘substance’ is not applied universally to God but as well as, to all other creatures. While some created things need only the normal concord of God to exist (in that case substances), others can only exist with the help of other created things. Such things are referred to, as per Descartes, attributes of substances.

In fact, Descartes supports Aristotle’s claim that characteristics belong to substances. This is a main point in Aristotle’s ontology – characteristics belong to substances, while substances make up the form of things. This is also what leads Descartes to assume that the soul is a substance.

ABSTRACT: The question of ethics relates to the good and its contrary, evil. What ethics does with its object is to seek to understand it, that is, not to produce either the concept of the good or the actions that fall under that concept. Thus, the question that follows is: What is the good?, or strictly speaking, what is the definition of the good? But the definition asked for, as any other definition, is necessarily related to the science of language. But language itself is a social phenomenon. Consequently, the definition of any concept implies the quest of the social roots of this concept. In this sense, the quest of the roots is prior to the quest of what is. Examples are taken from Plato’s Republic,

Baruch Spinoza was a dutch philosopher in the late 1600s who is mostly known for his ethics. Spinoza’s ideology was very much influenced by René Descartes. His idea was to try and reinvent religion. Which means that it would have to be a discipline that would have to be far more impersonal, scientific and far more counseling and not based on superstition. Spinoza's metaphysics consists of one thing, substance, and its modifications. Spinoza argues that there is only one substance making up this universe, which is absolutely infinite, self-caused, and eternal. He calls this substance "God". Spinoza’s main point that he has been arguing with his ethics were aimed towards the jewish religion as that is what he once was before he gradually stepped away from it. From when they were first published to now, Spinoza’s ethics have influenced many people.

While Descartes sought, through the Meditations, to be certain of the truth of his own existence as a ‘thinking thing’ and then prove God’s existence, Spinoza turns Descartes’ argument on its axis. For Spinoza the argument that God exists as the only substance, because as a supremely perfect being he must necessarily exist is the basis of the Ethics.

Two sites were selected to compare the land biodiversity change due to climate change in future. First site was selected from Brazilian Amazon site and second one was from Boreal forest, Canada (figure 1). Both sites were selected based on few criteria, that’s were- elevation, temperature and mostly untouched by human, to get a clear prediction of climate change effect on these two types of site. Our Amazon site is in the east-central region of state of Para, Brazil. Xingu river is flowing north-south from west site of this place. Floresta Nacional do Tapirapéaquiri is situated south-east site of the selected study place. As region is within the Brazilian Central Plateau area, so the elevation ranges from 18 to 46 m from sea level. The

Britain, a superpower of its time, only beaten by a few, and conquered many. China, a not as strong country but a very isolated one. Opium, a drug that’s more commonly known as Morphine or Heroine. One may be wondering what these three things have in common, and the answer, trade. An Important trade that caused two wars that stretched the globe. In the years 1836-1860 a war was fought between the countries of China and Britain. A war that was compromised with an illegal treaty. A war that began as an unfair fight. A war that brought China to its knees and provided Britain with tea.

Descartes theorized that in order to acquire knowledge, there essentially is some rational technique for attaining it, and that the expenditure of the senses, or any other individual capability was not a dependable basis. In his third meditation he says, “I know that even bodies are not perceived by the senses, or by the faculty of imagination, but by the intellect alone (69). As a rationalist Descartes supposed that this withstood identically for everyone, that all people have rational learned concepts. He assumed that knowledge of external things was a result of only the cognizance, and not the senses. Descartes also anticipated that the entire universe was scientifically logical, and that everything could be comprehended by deduction.

At the end of the Fall 2016 semester, I received a SAP warning and was placed on academic probation. I have no one to blame for the events of the fall semester but myself and wholeheartedly apologize to Salem, my professors, and anyone else I affected in that period of time. However, some of the events of that semester play into what occurred in the spring, and the least convoluted way through everything is to start in the fall.

Every investor wants has two main objective he/she wishes to achieve out of investment : capital preservation and capital appreciation.

"Now boarding: transport B to Hokron Universal jet-port." Rang out the emulated voice of a female from the loud speakers overhead. "That’s me." I muttered under my breath, fabricating excitement. I got up out of the icebox of a metal chair I was sitting in and grabbed my leather bag up off the ground and slung it around my shoulder. I know that most travel bags have an automated driving system paired with the wheels so that you don’t have to carry them, but I always prefer the extra exercise. That, and I also lost its remote control. Plus, leather is only made on Earth from cows (which is why Earth is such a heap of trash) so it's pretty hard to get your hands on a leather bag.

He looked at me, his tired blue eyes filled with anger. I whimpered and scooted further into the dusty corner, as if it were possible. He slowly turned his knife in his hand taunting me as his muscular figure inched forward menacingly. I gulped and shut my eyes tightly waiting for the dreaded impact that I knew was coming sooner or later.

"What is man without the beasts? If all the beasts were gone, men would die from great loneliness of spirit, for whatever happens to the beasts, also happens to man. All things are connected. Whatever befalls the earth befalls the children of the earth."