Summary : Bluetongue Virus ( Btv )

The Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus is basically pigs pooping themselves to death. It is cells, lining the small intestine, being infected, causing major diarrhea and dehydration. This only occurs in pigs. Also, this virus spreads rapidly from one pig to all ages of pigs, hints epidemic. Moreover, PEDV was identified

The second part of this life cycle involves a non-human, vertebrate host. Frequently these cycles occur undetected until the virus escapes this cycle and infects a species that does not have an immunity to the pathogen. In the case of West Nile, birds often act as the reservoir vertebrate host. Although brids, particularity crows

BSE is a form of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy that is transmitted when cattle consume feed that contains other animal protein from infected animals such as scrapie in sheep (CDC,

Hendra virus (originally called "Equine morbillivirus" was discovered in September 1994 when it caused the deaths of thirteen horses, and a trainer at a training complex in Hendra, a suburb of Brisbane in Queensland, Australia.[12]

Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy is characterized by an unusually long incubation period ranging from 2-8 years. During the incubation period, an infected animal may not show any clinical signs suggesting it is in anyway unhealthy. This is a major reason several countries placed precautionary bans on blood donors. Experts believe it is entirely possible that a person could have contracted the infectious disease during the BSE outbreak and could be carrying the disease through an incubation period possibly extending beyond the suggested 2-8 year span without showing any clinical signs. Since no diagnostic test currently exists to test a person for vCJD while they are living, there is

feedlots (2.8 + 0.5%; USDA, 2013) only behind bovine respiratory disease and metabolic/digestive conditions. A survey conducted in Kansas 1970’s by Brower and Kiracofe (1972) indicated that 2% of all feedlot steers in Kansas experienced the buller steer syndrome. In the same manner, Brower and Kiracofe (1978) and Irwin et al. (1979) reported that the annual incidence of buller steers within the feedlot industry fell somewhere between 2 and 4%. A 15-year summary of buller incidence in Midwest feedlots consisting of over 5 million steers reported a buller incidence of 2.45% (Edwards, 1995). Furthermore, a 2-year study by Taylor et al. (1997b) at a western Canada feedlot using 78,445 male (intact) cattle indicated a buller incidence rate ranging from 0.0 to 11.2%, with an average incidence of

Borrelia burgodoferi is transmitted to humans and mammals by the Ixodes scapularis known as the deer tick or blacklegged tick and the Ixodes pacificus known as the

cows that were infected with BSE showed the symptoms early in the 1980's , they

Retrospective serologic studies indicated that proior to the SARS outbreak, there were no antibodies in the human population (KSIAZEK ET AL 2003). This finding was vitally important because it indicated that animal-to-human transmission is responsible for the SARS-CoV entrance into the human population. Two groups of researchers recently and independently demonstrated that bats (genus Rhinolophus) are natural reservoirs of Sars-like viruses, which provided very strong evidence that SARS-CoV was a zoonotic virus with wildlife orgin [6,7] The identification of a natural reservoir is both difficult and essential. A natural reservoir is where the virus “hides” between outbreaks, and is often difficult to identify because the organism does not display symptoms of the disease. Early observation of patterns in SARS-CoV transmission showed that many of the first patients were had gone to or worked in China’s exotic animal markets. Early studies in SARS-CoV identification focused on the wild-animal markets of southern China. Researchers in China identified a SARS-like-coronavirus in masked palm civets (Paguma larvata) and a raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) in one market in the city Shenzhen, part of the southern provience of Guangdong [8]. It was found that these animals had antibodies against a genetically close coronavirus. Interestingly enough ten civet

Also known as Hendra virus, Henipavirus (Nipah for short) is a pleomorphic genus of RNA viruses found in a type of fruit bat known as flying foxes. The infection is transmitted to humans from infected horses that get the disease from the bodily fluids of flying foxes, usually from horses grazing grass contaminated with urine or fecal matter of nipah-infected flying foxes. The disease actually cannot be transmitted from bats to humans. Treatment of Henipavirus is limited to supportive care and standard quarantine protocols, although vaccines are in progress.

Sheeppox virus (SPPV), goatpox virus (GTPV) are large double standard DNA viruses that belongs to the genus Capripoxvirus of subfamily Chordopoxvirinae, within the Poxviridae family (Diallo and Viljoen, 2007; Matthews REF, 1982). Capripoxvirus (CaPV) causes highly contagious and economically important disease of goats and sheep with mortality reaching up to 100% in naïve animals (Bhanuprakash et al., 2006). The genome of Capripoxvirus contains a central coding region surrounded by two identical inverted terminal repeats (ITR) with a genome size of ~150 kbp with 147 putative open reading frames. The A+T nucleotide content of genome is ~75% (Tulman et al., 2002). The identity between genomes of SPPV and GTPV is 96% over their entire length. The

Has been found worldwide in all countries that raise sheep. In the US this disease is seen a lot in the western states.

The clinical manifestation of disease in animals, stillbirth or delivery of weak lambs, calves or kids, are the most frequent clinical signs of the disease. The abortion occurs at the end of gestation without specific clinical signs and pathognomic pathological findings, the intercotyledonary fibrous thickening and discolored exudates, may observed (Shakespeare, 2009). The vast majority of the overt disease cases are acute Q fever with incubation period last a few days to several weeks, The vast majority of the overt disease cases are acute Q fever. Fatalities in acute Q fever cases are rare, with less than 1% of cases resulting in death. The incubation period can last a few days to several weeks, and the severity of infection varies in

BVDV isolation in cell culture, followed by identification, is considered as the most reliable method for diagnosis. Many different clinical samples are suitable for BVDV isolation during the viremia stage as nasal discharges, peripheral blood leukocytes, serum, semen, aborted fetuses and feces. However, presence of maternal antibodies in serum and buffy coat samples from newly born animals may neutralize the virus and decrease the sensitivity of virus isolation. Virus isolation methods are labor intensive and may take several weeks. Furthermore, virus isolation cannot differentiate between PI animals and transiently infected animals. The FBS used as supplement for propagation of cell lines should be tested for BVDV contamination before usage to avoid false positive results.

The ASF virus is highly contagious and spreads rapidly in pig populations through direct and indirect contact. This virus can persist for long periods in pig products and the environment, and may be endemic in feral or wild suids and in Ornithodoros ticks. Isolates of ASFV vary in virulence; some strains are highly pathogenic, resulting in almost 100% mortality while others are low-virulence or asymptomatic isolates that can be difficult to diagnose [1].