The Bubonic Plague

A Utah man in his seventies died from a plague, making this the 4th fatal case this year in the United States. The “Plague” usually occurs in semi-rural regions and is rather common in states like, Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, and Utah. Bacteria called, Yersinia Pestis, cause Plague. The bacteria are naturally occurring and are usually found in areas where there are wild rodents present. Rodents like, chipmunks, squirrels, and rats, which are animals that are common in Utah, can infect fleas with the bacteria and that can be easily transmitted to humans by a flea bite.

Pestis bacteria is usually through the bites of fleas or rodents that contracted the bacteria through a previous feeding of an animals who had the bacteria in their blood. The vectors of the Y. pestis bacteria is usually the rat fleas which are also named Xenopsylla cheopis. The way the bacteria works is by first infecting a flea and multiplying inside the flea. The bacteria will then clump together and cause a blockage in the fleas stomach causing the flea to be hungry constantly and begin to starve. So when the flea bites and feeds off an animal or a human it tries to feed but the flea ends up vomiting its tainted blood due to no room in their stomach. Which then causing the bacteria to enter the site of the initial bite causing infection to the new victim. The animals who usually have the Y. Pestis bacteria are animals such as mice, rats, rabbits, squirrels, chipmunks and prairie dogs. Other methods of getting the plague is by having direct contact with an infected person or animal or by consuming an infected animal. But it is very rare to catch bubonic or septicemic plague from human to human contact. Only Pneumonic plague can be passed on from person to person. The way that a person can get Pneumonic plague from another person is by an infected person's cough. When the person coughs it causes droplets to be released into the air with the Y. Pestis bacteria. A person who is healthy only has to breath in those droplets and then

The Plague is an infectious disease caused by a strain of bacteria called Yersinia pestis. These bacteria are mainly present in rodents, particularly rats, and the fleas that feed on them. Other animals and humans usually contract the bacteria from rodents or flea bites or by eating an infected animal. Bubonic plague infects your lymphatic system (the immune system), initiating inflammation. If left untreated, it can move into the blood and cause the septicemic plague, or it can move to the lungs and cause the pneumonic plague (the most deadly form of the plague.) .The most common form of the plague (Bubonic Plague) is not contagious. However, the pneumonic plague is highly contagious. The Plague develops rapidly; therefore, it may lead to

Plague is an infectious disease that is caused by the bacterium Yersina pestis. Depending on lung infection, or sanitary conditions, plague can be spread in the air, by direct contact, or very rarely by contaminated undercooked food. The symptoms of plague depend on the concentrated areas of infection in each person: bubonic plague in lymph nodes, septicemic plague in blood vessels, pneumonic plague in lungs. It is treatable if detected early. Plague is still relatively common in some remote parts of the world.

This plague’s carriers are primarily Oriental rat fleas, also know as Xenopsylla cheopis, as well as infected rodents. In fleas, the bacteria continues to

Yertinsa pestis, or Black death was one of the worst natural disasters in history. It killed a worldwide count of 155-220 million people. It is believed to have been one of the first cases of biological warfare when the Mongols catapulted the dead bodies infected with Yersinia Pestis over the city walls, into the city of Caffa, Crimea, an area which they were at war with..

It has been several decades since our last major pandemic, but for the most devastating pandemic in history was the bubonic plague. The bubonic plague is a bacterium, Yersinia pestis, a disease that affects humans and other mammals. This bacterium disease attacks the lymph nodes that are located throughout the body. Swollen lymph nodes may be a sign that the body is dealing with an infection. The largest groupings are found in the neck, armpits, and groin areas.

Plague is caused by the bacterium bacillus Yersinia pestis, and is carried by rodents, fleas, and mammals. Plague takes three forms: bubonic, pneumonic, and septicemic. Bubonic plague affects the lymph glands, while the pneumonic and septicemic forms affect the lungs and the blood. Today, plague can be prevented by antibiotics and strict public health measures. Three methods of controlling carriers involve sanitizing the environment, educating the public on how to prevent exposure, and using prophylactic antibiotics.

The bacteria, Yersinia pestis, is encoded with two specific plasmids that aid in the transfer and survival of the bacteria, especially in the wild. Both of these plasmids must be present on the bacteria for full virulence of the organism. The largest of the extrachromosomal elements, with typical strains of ~100 kb, is the Murine toxin plasmid (pFra), a capsule protein. pFra is characterized by two specific factors: FI capsular protein antigen and YMT. The second plasmid, Pesticin plasmid named pPla after the plasminogen activator, happens to be the smallest of the plasmids. The bacteriocin (pesticin;Pst) and the bilanolysin and coagulase activities are found to be connected with one another and aids the former organism of Yersinia in the invasion of "the host from peripheral sites" (Carniel 41). After the bacteria is injected through a bite of the rat flea, Yersinia pestis affects the immune system similar to the bacterial agent, Bacillis anthracis. By having a Type III secretion system, the bacteria are able to find "a means ? to target virulence factors directly at host cells". The common Yersinia encoded plasmid molecule, pYV (or pLcr), found on the bacteria specifically aids in the injection of cytotoxic proteins into the macrophages, preventing the

According to the CDC (centers for Disease control and prevention) the “plague is a disease that affects humans and other mammals. It is cause by a bacterium called yersin pestis. Humans usually get the plague by being bitten by a rodent or a flea that's carrying the plague”(“symptoms”). The very first plague outbreak was in 430-427 B.C. Also the plague is a bacteria that's in animals,the plague transmission goes through animals into humans.(mechanical transmission).There have since outbreaks 430 B.c. when the black death happened it killed over 25,000,000 people in Europe. Also the are three different variation of the plague and there is no cure. The plague has many symptoms,and variations,plus the plague have had many outbreaks throughout history,but there is a way to prevent it or just take control of it.

The bacteria have a coagulase that forms a blood clot in the flea, which inhibits them from swallowing. The Y. pestis then multiplies in the blood of the flea. When the flea bites a human, it regurgitates a mass amount of bacteria into the skin, where it migrates to the lymph nodes (via cutaneous lymphatic system). In naturally occurring cases of the plague, transmission is through the bite of infected fleas. In cases of primary pneumonic plague, the disease may be contracted after exposure to a patient who is sick with the plague and also has a cough by droplet transmission (2). The primary pneumonic plague, although it is the most lethal type of the plague, is also the most rare type of the infection.

Plague was one of the most virulent epidemics in human history. Plague wiped out nearly twenty-five million of the population of Europe. Symptoms caused by Yersinia Pestis. These bacteria live in the bodies of ground rodents. Plague is a bacterial disease, acute contagious and is one of the common diseases range between humans and animals. There are three types of plague: First, Bubonic Plague that is occurs when a contagious human flea bite after biting infected mouse infected, it conveys infections that multiply and spread in the whole body. And the plague bacteria produce toxins that cause serious complications may-end with death. Second, Pneumonic Plague, the most dangerous types of plague, is transmitted by inhaling infected droplets during

Yersinia Pestis is found in many different countries. It usually effects people in the tropical, subtropical, and warmer temperate climates. This plague has effected countries in Africa, the former Soviet Union, the Americas, and Asia. Since the 1990’s most human cases have been seen in Africa (Plague). The three most common countries it effects are Madagascar, the Democratic Republic of Congo and Peru. The spreading of this disease goes with the delivery of rodents it infects, which are found in all continents except Australia. Plague can be a very serious disease if it is not treated. “It has a case fatality rate of 30-60% if left untreated. In 2013 there were 783 cases reported worldwide, including 126 deaths” (Plague). In

Plague is one of the most important re-emerging zoonotic diseases in the history of public health in the world and can remain quiescent for more than thirty to forty years. The disease is caused by a gram negative, non motile and non sporing coccobacillus bacterium known as Yersinia pestis and has caused devastating effects in the entire world. The causative agent of plague disease was discovered by a young Swiss physician, Alexandre Yersin, in Hong Kong during the beginning of the third plague pandemic in 1894. The bacterium infects warm blooded animals, especially rodents, which are the usual host reservoirs while human beings and other mammals are occasionally affected. The bacterium is normally transmitted from one host

The plague is a terrifying disease that has thankfully been essentially eradicated in modern history, but those living before the 21st century had to live with the risk of dying from an onset of the plague. Plagues like the Black Death have had strong impacts on humanity, and this has influenced literature. Albert Camus’ The Plague is an example of the plague