The CERN : The Construction Of Accelerators

It is said that the Big Bang Stories or origin is without a doubt totally fictional. Naturalism and Uniformitarianism is the main driven philosophies behind the Big Bang. It is the model used to describe the formation for the entire universe; it’s the process that is currently operating within the Universe. Big Bang - is also called a “Singularity” which contains Mass and energy that we see today. It’s said over time that the energy from this Theory began to cool down as the Universe began to expand. It is said by some that God used the Big Bang to create the Universe.

Within the last hundred years, the atomic model gone through dramatic changes allowing to apply the knowledge of matter understanding at atomic level into different industries like medicine such as MRI and X-Ray. This knowledge allowed doctors to treat, diagnose and certainly save millions of people throughout the years, which could not have been done without research being done on the structure of the atom funded continuously for these scientists to find more application which benefit people and comprehend the world we live in on an atomic level.

The path or trajectory that is shown in the picture is a circle as I had mentioned before. All methods used in particle accelerators have the same purpose. No matter the path they take the particles are transforming with the radioactive waves that are given off from the magnetic field.

In France and Switzerland, scientists at CERN (the European Organization for Nuclear Research) are in the process of venturing with the world's largest particle accelerator, called the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), to unlock some of the last mysteries of particle physics – the existence of substances such as dark matter, dark energy, and something called Higgs Boson. Suffice to say, the LHC is an underground tunnel, circular in nature, with a circumference of about 27km. The basic idea is to send beams of protons in opposite directions into one another, having them collide at almost the speed of light and observing what happens. Scientists are hoping to find evidence that verifies their standard model of particle physics. Rutherford's greatest contribution to the development of Science is of course his model of the atom.

Over the past millennia, our understanding of the atom has evolved through eager hypothesizing, numerous trials and startling discoveries. From the first atomic theories of the Democritus in Ancient Greece to the gold foil experiment that allowed Ernest Rutherford to discover the atomic nucleus in 1909, humanity has come far on the path to crack the mysteries of the atomic structure and the hidden secrets that lie within. However, it was only in the 1930s that the full basic structure of the atom was finally completed with the discovery of the neutrally charged particle known as the neutron.

Many people have different beliefs on how the universe was made, but what most people

"What Is the Big Bang Theory? | Space.com. " N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Jan.

Do you ever wonder how radiation was discovered? Or when it was discovered? It all started in 1895, when Wilhelm Roentgen discovered x-rays. Six years later, he was honored with the first Nobel Prize in Physics; by then, doctors were already using primitive x-rays to diagnose illnesses(Men’s Health watch 1). The collaboration between physicians and physicists has continued ever since, resulting in amazing advances far beyond Roentgen’s wildest dreams. Physicists tell us that ionizing radiation delivers energy in the form of photons that pack enough oomph to strip electrons away from the nuclei of atoms(1). We are continuously exposed to tiny amounts of ionizing radiation from cosmic rays and naturally occurring radioactive elements here on earth. We accept this so-called background radiation without blinking an eye, but we

The big bang theory is the main theory about understanding the universes life. This theory states that the universe was once a hot dense ball of matter that exploded and scattered all of the galaxies and stars we know today. But it also states that the galaxies are still moving away from the initial blast. This theory is currently highly regarded because of its evidence supporting it such as Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (CMB) and Red shift.

Margaret Kivelson was born in New York City on October 31, 1928. Raised in an American family surrounded by science, her father was a medical doctor and her mother had an undergraduate degree in physics. She knew in high school that she wanted to follow her parents footsteps into science, and applied to Radcliffe College, Harvard college for women, in 1946. The separation of the men’s and women’s colleges had occurred in answer to the start of World War II. In 1957, with her thesis “Bremsstrahlung of High Energy Electrons”, she completed and was awarded her PhD in Physics.

1965 – At this stage all the components of an atom have been discovered, however, they have only been discovered separately, and not as an antinucleus. This changed in 1965, when an antideuteron was discovered, which is an antinucleus composed of an antiproton and an antineutron. This proved that antimatter can make particles in the same way that normal matter does, and opens the possibility of a whole universe made out of antimatter. This discovery was made by two separate teams of scientists, at almost exactly the same time. The one team made the discovery using the Alternating Gradient Synchrotron accelerator at Brookhaven National Laboratory, led by Leon Lederman. The other team used the Proton Synchrotron at CERN led by Antonino

Scientists have been trying for many years to build nuclear reactors that would allow a sustained fusion reaction to occur. There are several factors that influence a fusion reaction. Since very high kinetic energies are needed for nuclei to fuse, the plasma in which fusion occurs is extremely hot. Temperatures in excess of 100 million degrees celsius are required for the easiest fusion reaction to take place. Plasmas are fluids, and therefore they have no permanent shape and will quickly disperse if not confined. A 100 million degree plasma will vaporise any container in which it is placed, so magnetic fields are used to contain the plasma.

Astronomers believed the Universe was created about 14 billion years ago. During that time, the entire Universe was inside a bubble that was thousands of times smaller than a pinhead, and it was insanely hot and dense. Out of nowhere this little bubble started expanding. This expansion created what we know as the Universe. In such little time the Universe went from the size of an atom to the ginormous galaxy we have that is continuously growing.

So what does theory suggest about the beginning of the universe? The Big Bang Theory suggest first of all, that the universe did have a finite beginning and before that point, there was nothing. This beginning was around 13.7-8 billion years ago and that it came into existence from a singularity (something that still defies physical laws as we know them). A singularity is a point that is infinitely dense and are infinitely small. The universe began from something infinitely dense, small and hot. Where this singularity came from? We don 't know, something that cosmologists debate about constantly. After the Big Bang had occurred from this singularity, space expanded in to itself at incredibly high rates. This initial expansion called

There are over 30,000 accelerators around the world, and they use the designs above. (Witman, 2015) Electrostatic Accelerators were the first particle accelerators ever made. These designs use circle paths to accelerate the particles expect the linear accelerator. The circle paths are used because they will take up