The Celsius Scale Of Temperature

Ice starts as water that has a temperature of any degree above thirty-two degrees Fahrenheit. Before water technically becomes water, which is the name of the liquid state, it starts as a gas called water vapor. After water vapor condenses because of a loss of energy, it is then in liquid phase of H2O, called water, which can then be broken down in the smallest unit; atoms.

In his article, “Fahrenheit vs. Celsius: Did the U.S. Get It Right After All?”, Daniel Faris, does point out that Celsius seems to make sense to use for its easy points of reference for freezing water in Celsius, 0 degrees, and its boiling point, 100 degrees as opposed to the freezing point of 32 degrees and boiling point of 212 degrees in

Other substances that dissolve in water also lower the freezing point of the solution. The amount by which the freezing point is lowered depends only on the number of molecules dissolved, not on their chemical nature. This is an example of a colligative property. In this project, you'll investigate different substances to see how they affect the rate at which ice cubes melt. You'll test substances that dissolve in water (i.e., soluble substances), like salt and sugar, as well as substances that don't dissolve in water (i.e., insoluble substances), like sand and pepper. Which substances will speed up the melting of the ice?

The first part of the lab began by one lab member adding 10.0 mL of DI water to a test tube while another lab member obtained a beaker full of ice and salt. After both these steps were complete the test tube was put in the beaker full of ice. Immediately following the test tube be being placed in the beaker, a temperature probe was inserted into the test tube. The initial temperature was recorded and after the temperature was recorded in 30 second increments. Once the water exhibited supercooling and then remained consistent at .1 °C for 3 readings it was determined that the water had froze and formed crystals. Evidence that crystals formed allowed for it to be confirmed that the water actually hit freezing point at .0

2) When water freezes there are additional hydrogens bonds formed between molecules and those molecules become slow.

The freezing point of a substance is when the substance turns from a liquid to a solid. The freezing point of a solvent can be decreased by adding a solute and making a solution, which is a freezing point depression. From knowing the temperature difference between a pure solvent and a mixture, it is possible to find the molar mass of the solute.

Purpose: The purpose of this laboratory was to gain an understanding of the differences between the freezing points of pure solvent to that of a solvent in a solution with a nonvolatile solute, and to compare the two.

In salt, there are more particles in 10 grams of sodium chloride (salt) than in 10 grams of sucrose (sugar). When there are more particles, melting will occur faster. When there is one type of molecule, say water, it is easier for the molecules to get in an orderly manner to become solid water, or ice. When other types of molecules are added, the water molecules lose their order and it becomes harder to be frozen. Therefore, when there are more particles of a different type, then the freezing point will become lower.

Banin, A., & Anderson, D. M. (1974, February). WRCR1536. Effects of Salt Concentration Changes During Freezing on the Unfrozen Water Content of Porous Materials, 10(1). doi:10.1029/WR010i001p00124

Salt uses some basic laws of chemistry to break down accumulation of ice. As you know, salt is an ionic compound, Sodium Chloride. According to intermolecular forces, ionic compounds have the highest melting and boiling rates. Ice’s melting point is at 0 degrees whereas Salt’s is about 800 degrees.

It is suspected that the freezing point is 64.1oC. Due to the short temperature plateau, It is difficult to determine if the freezing point occurs at during the interval (6:00-6:10). However, it appears to be have been the most reasonable determination for freezing point in comparison to the rest of the plot.

SI defines the Kelvin scale in two different points: 1) Absolute zero and 2) the triple point temperature of water. Absolute zero is the lowest possible temperature. It is assigned a value of 0 K. 0 K is equivalent to absolute zero. The triple point of water occurs at 0.06 atmosphere of pressure and at a temperature that is defined as 0.01 degrees celsius or 273.16 K. That is how we know that all units of temperature are related. (World Book Encyclopedia. Kieran Mullen).

3mL of the solvent (at room temperature) was added to the tube. The tube was then stoppered and shook vigorously

The volume is definite if the temperature and pressure are constant. When a solid is heated above its melting point, it becomes liquid, given that the pressure is higher than the triple point of the substance. Intermolecular (or interatomic or interionic) forces are still important, but the molecules have enough energy to move relative to each other and the structure is mobile. This means that the shape of a liquid is not definite but is determined by its container. The volume is usually greater than that of the corresponding solid, the most well known exception being water, H2O. The highest temperature at which a given liquid can exist is its critical temperature.[5]

The freezing point of the pure water is 0 degrees Celsius. (not in this data, the freezing point is -2)