The Discovery Of Antarctica 's Subglacial Lakes

The Great Salt Lake is located in the northern part of Utah. The lake has a high salinity and although it has more salt than seawater it is still able to sustain different species like birds or shrimps unlike the Dead Sea. The standard microbes that are a part of the ecosystem of the northern part of the lake in order of most populated: bacteria of at least two genera,Halobacterium and Halococcus; two algae ,Dunaliella salina and D. Viridis. The algae and bacteria live off each other by being the others nutrients. The reason for this is because bacteria produce ammonia, which algae uses for nutrients, while the organic matter that algae makes is used by bacteria as nutrients. Animals eat algae and cold temperatures during winter stunt metabolism

On February 7, 2012 Russian scientist discovered a “golden-like swastika” in an Arctic ancient lake that hasn’t been touched, in what they believe, 20 million years. As the old conspiracies of German activity in the South Pole returns, with a vengeance, citizens spark fear across the country of Russia. Little is known about the vast frozen tundra that resides in the far south, for Antarctica is a place of mystery and wonder.

Climatic fluctuations led to major changes in the Arctic geography, effectively increasing the diversification of high-latitude organisms, including the lagomorphs that lived in those latitudes, in the Pleistocene. The organisms expanded into the new available habitats while the glaciers receded. One of these refugiums, Beringia, in Arctic North America during the glacial maxima, has been subjected to extensive research while many other refugiums have been hypothesized such as a High Canadian Arctic refugiums (Waltari et al. 2005). Furthermore, during the last glacial maximum some coastlines in the High Canadian Arctic were ice free (Waltari et al. 2005). Eurasia was less glaciated than North America during the glacial maxima, yet a large sheet

One of the global warming changes our planet is going through is the melting of glaciers in the Arctic sea. John Hawkins states, “How much Arctic ice really matters is an open question since the very limited evidence we have suggests that a few

Antarctica is essential for science because of its enormous effect on the Earth's climate and ocean systems. The Antarctic is critical our understanding of global climate change. Preserved in its four kilometre-thick ice sheet is a unique record of the

Ecosystems in the approximate northern part of our planet are subject to profound changes, such as amplified rise in air temperature following the rapid loss of millions of square kilometers in the Arctic sea ice (Lawrence et al., 2008; Serreze and Barry, 2011; Screen et al., 2012; Bhatt et al., 2014). This sea ice induced warming feedback extends from the marine to the terrestrial domain and may consequently increase the emission of strenuous greenhouse gas methane from high latitude wetland soils (Parmentier, 2013). An increase in terrestrial methane emissions possible therefore can be accessible to the sea ice changes occurring easily off within the Arctic Ocean, when sea ice melts and gives way to an unblocked ocean, an immense lowering

If you have ever heard of the Last Glacial Period, you would know that it covered majority of Canada and northern US in a thick blanket of glaciers. When the Last Glacial Period ended and all of the glaciers retracted, it scraped away vast amount of soil and minerals from certain areas of Canada, leaving some areas with rich and fertile soil suitable for farming due to deposits from the ice. However, in other regions such as the Canadian Shield, were left scarred with very thin soil that is no longer sufficient for agriculture. When travelling through the area, I had expected to see a desert created from the desertification of the thin layers of soil. To my surprise, vast amount of trees grow here in the southern parts of the Canadian Shield!

Organisms can live in harsh environments without being prone to danger. The Arctic includes the world's smallest ocean being the Arctic Ocean, as well the world’s largest island, Greenland. In regards to the Arctic, its ocean is covered in floating sea ice throughout the year. The climate of the Arctic varies a lot during the seasonal changes. In the months in the winter season, the sun doesn’t pass the horizon in the Northern Arctic, which in result the temperature significantly be depleted in some areas to -60 degrees Celsius, but to differentiate, during the warmer months of summer, temperatures can cause some areas of the Arctic to melt, due to temperature reaching of 20 degrees Celsius. In the Arctic, the Environmental conditions vary

The entire world was said to be one giant chunk of land surrounded by a giant body of water. The great ice age hit and the big chunk of land started separating into pieces. This caused the water to go in between the lands. The ice age also caused the waters to freeze and the sea levels to drop and an isthmus or “bridge” was there for them to use. The people used the isthmus to populate the lands across from them. If the bridge wasn’t there, they would have had to populate the Americas when Columbus got there in 1492.

The main concern still remains to be the survival of life and a study suggests that prokaryotes like bacteria do not require oxygen to survive and they tend to live in hydrothermal vents. Yet, the photosynthetic organisms cannot survive but cracks in the ice during the event would allow photosynthesizers to persist and produce trace amounts of oxygen that could be used by eukaryotes (6).

Overarching Goal: This proposed EPSCoR will focus on the impact of glacial melt on the physics and chemistry of the marine environment, and their consequences for the intertidal and coastal biological communities.

Climate change has many long lasting effects on the diversity and distribution of species. In time, evolution will be a major part in helping us understand how climate change has had a major effect on all species and all levels of biodiversity. The most significant change in climate is global warming, which causes a vast temperature increase around the world. Lately researchers have noticed a change within species due to climate change, and are predicting future struggles and risks amongst them (Ross, 2009). Global warming has a large effect on all ecosystems but most attention has been given towards the ocean and arctic as they are the most sensitive and easily affected by global warming. This paper will discuss how global warming declines

The convention applies to the area south of sixty degrees. Antarctica is an exceptional, remote continent surrounded by a wide, cold and stormy ocean. To some Antarctica is simply a cold, distant uninviting and dangerous place with little to offer the world. Antarctica is the last and largest unspoiled wilderness area on Earth. It is a reminder of what the planet was like before the influence of man. Its unspoiled beauty has inspired people, since first glimpse, to explore and discover the vast desert like continent. Antarctic has stretches of the most pristine oceans on earth with an enormous variety and quantity of marine life, much of which is only found in Antarctica. Antarctica is a continent for science, as it is so unspoiled it acts as a laboratory for the rest of the world where changes can be measured in isolation from the effects of

Blood Falls is a subglacial discharge from Taylor Glacier in Antarctica. When the iron-rich brine from within the glacier comes in contact with oxygen in the atmosphere, the iron oxidizes, precipitating iron oxides, resulting in the deep red colouring. In a very recent study by the University of Alaska and Colorado College, it was determined that the brine remains liquid within the glacier due to latent heat of freezing coupled with elevated salt content. They also mapped the network of channels that move the brine to the discharge area using hydraulic-potential modeling and radio echo sounding (RES). The brine’s origins were traced to an ancient salty lake which had been trapped underneath the glacier. In addition, ancient bacteria have been

As time progresses more and more emissions are expelled into our atmosphere. While this happens at the current rate, our world begins to warm and the climates begin to change. One of the largest impacts we see in our world is glaciers retreating at a pace that seems unstoppable. As the glaciers retreat we see the surrounding ecosystems changing with them. The water put off into the oceans impacts not only molecules in the water but the life within it. As glaciers retreat more and more questions arise but one pressing factor is how it is affecting entire surrounding regions. It is questionable to see if some species are adapting to the receding of glaciers or if populations are directly impacted. Since glaciers play a huge role in the environment, it can only be predicted that it will impact many species dramatically. This can be predicted because of the noticeable change in the ecosystems around them. Glaciers hold a huge mass that not only covers large areas of land but shapes and changes the landscape. Since Prince William Sound has so many glaciers feeding into its region it is an ideal area to observe.. Since glaciers are such influential masses in our environment it can be predicted that their retreat has direct impact in their region.