Essay on The Effect of Herbivory on Plants

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The population of people is increasing greatly each year, and as the population grows, so does our waste and need for resources and food. Billions of people rely on fish for their source of protein, and many species of fish and other oceanic creatures are greatly diminished. Top fishing predators include Atlantic bluefin tuna, grouper, atlantic halibut, several species of sharks, and monkfish. With these fish and so many other sea life are being fished out at such a rapid pace the growth of algae is affecting the coral life in various

Kelp forests are seen as the ultimate ecological engineer in coastal areas. They exist in marine environments spanning in southern California, Aleutian Islands, and the western north Atlantic. Light, latitude, and water temperature and nutrients all play a role in facilitating the growth of kelp forests all around the world, (Bolton). Kelp specifically dominates the shallow rocky coasts of the world‘s cold water marine habitats. Although they look as a free-growing plant, they are in fact primarily of brown algae. These structures provide food and shelter to a huge mix of biota, including crabs, sea urchins, mollusks, and other marine organisms (Steneck). The fronds, or large leaves of the kelp are the distinctive feature that can represent where a specific kelp may be found. The sizes of these organisms can range from the smallest found near California and Alaska at 5m to giant kelp up to 45m in length found on the west coasts of North and South America (Hamilton).

Diversity and abundance of scavenger species in seagrass beds in comparison to intertidal flat zonations in estuarine environments.

Resource allocation as a result of herbivory has been predicted in plants, but of late has only been investigated. One way to determine resource allocation as a defense to herbivory is to measure both above ground and belowground biomass and calculate root:shoot ratio as an indicator of resource allocation. This study investigated the induced pattern of defense of resource allocation to root:shoot ratio as a response to simulated mechanical herbivory. Monarch butterfly larvae herbivory were simulated through mechanical herbivory of four treatments. It was found that there was a significant difference between species, but there were no significant differences between treatments. This study examines the divergent evolution in three species of milkweed responses to herbivory.

What is an invasive species? I believe an invasive species is an animal that has either come to a new environment on purpose or accident and caused harm by doing so. I became interested in this topic because animals are interesting to me. I did not consider any other topics. When I saw the topic I immediately went to research it. I knew bits and pieces of some stories invasive species give. New invasive species come every day because of humans and their ideas on what is best.

There are a lot of organic pollutants such as pesticides, pharmaceuticals and personal products that affect aquatic ecosystem. Some of things that can happen is, it can increase fish mortality, decrease plankton diversity and decrease growth of aquatic plants. Different chemicals were removed such as ibuprofen and fluoxetine and was observed with active and inactive duckweed. The results showed that the duckweed was impacted by the removal of chemicals. This experiment provided oversight of what chemicals do to the environment as well as how to screen for these different

Suppose we walk into the woods, and the only vegetation around is the large hardwood trees towering above us. At first, we may think this is a great place to walk because there is not foliage to maneuver. However, this forest is actually unhealthy due to a lack of ground cover and native vegetation. The cause is an overabundance of deer eating everything from the ground to as high as they can reach. The excess number of deer and their eating habits causes many plant species to be completely wiped out of an area due to the overpopulation of deer. This is a result of inefficient practices and regulations by humans. Some of this problem is controlled by sterilization and predators, but hunting should be recognized as the main solution to solving the problems caused by high deer populations.

When only the facts are addressed, the choice seems clear, a whole food plant based diet should be adopted by every nation. The leading cause of resource consumption and environmental degradation today is animal agriculture (Cowspiracy). Our environment would be protected and current problems that plague the environment would subside. All animals could enjoy the status of companion animals. Neglecting to recognize that eating plant based saves 1100 gallons of water, 45 lbs of grains, 30 sq feet of forest and reduces the bulk of greenhouse gases is prematurely escalating mankind’s own extinction (Cowspiracy). Becoming plant based is the most sustainable method of feeding the planet’s increasing population (Food Inc.). Hippocrates famously

As it was already established, a myriad of marine species depend on coral reefs because of the favorable conditions they have to offer. The formation of complex food webs and symbiotic relationships is directly related to specific, stable properties, that if changed, certain organisms would be sure to disappear, disrupting the natural order of the ecosystem. Accordingly, if the water temperature in coral reefs rises, it suddenly becomes an unsuitable environment for algae to bloom, resulting in a lesser number of symbiotic relationships between plankton and corals. Consequently, not only will water filtration systems be hindered, but herbivore grazing will become less common; causing several species of fish to stop frequenting this waters,

The enemy release hypothesis states that invasive plant species are invasive because they experience significantly reduced herbivory when they invade a new environment, which allows them to flourish (Keane et al. 2002). This study sought to confirm the finding that invasive plants experience significantly lower levels of herbivory than native plants and support the hypothesis that this difference in herbivory is directly responsible for the invasive species’ superior fitness. Levels of herbivory between goldenrod (Solidago sp.), a native species, and mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris), an invasive species, were compared as well as the relationship between the level of herbivory on an individual plant to flower count and height of the plant. We

Some Gorgonia can be found near tropic or subtropic shores; this helps them more easily feed with the stronger currents and pull of the waves. Gorgonia have a symbiotic relationship with certain algae to help with having a more ideal consumption rate of plankton, their main food source. In this symbiotic relationship, the algae benefits from getting a stable home by attaching to the Gorgonia rather than free-floating in the ocean while the Gorgonia benefit from getting an extra “boost” from the algae. The algae goes through photosynthesis so it gives energy and oxygen to the Gorgonia. The algae also draws more plankton to the Gorgonia. Although the Gorgonia looks like a plant, it is indeed an animal and digests and uses food just as any other animal. This creature’s way of defending its body from attacks is by chemical defense, which wards off any unwanted creature causing it harm. Predators are typically

These algae are particularly important in the development of biofuels, as they produce lipids and alcohols which can be burnt as fuels. The amount of carbon dioxide released by this process is equal to the amount of carbon dioxide the algae takes in during photosynthesis, making it a sustainable carbon neutral

Herbaeto born of Apollo, brother to Aristaeus, Orpheus, and Troilus. Herbaeto is the tender of Gardens. He was his fathers least favorite child because his father was athletic and energetic god and Herbaeto was not those things. Herbaeto loved tending to his garden. although his garden did not produce much with no sunlight from his father. Herbaeto needed his fathers sunlight to produce swell stuff in his garden. As Herbaeto grew older he could start growing things without the need of his fathers sunlight and he could grow larger things such as trees and vines. Soon he bacame so powerful he made jungles with his eyes closed. One day someone thought they were a better gardener than him,. he did not take this lightly. Once he proved that he

“Seafood includes edible aquatic life. Seafood includes creatures live in seawater, such as fish and shellfish i.e. crustaceans and edible seaweeds that is used for different purposes”.