The Effects Of Maternal Age On Offspring Health

Trisomy 21, also known as nondisjunction, means that there is an extra copy of chromosome 21 in the cell and is the most common. Translocation occurs when there are two 21 chromosomes plus an extra piece of chromosome 21 that had attached itself to another chromosome during the division process. Those who have mosaic down syndrome contain an extra chromosome 21 in only some of their cells while others are unaffected. People with mosaic down syndrome tend to have milder physical features and intellectual abilities than those who have trisomy 21 and translocation down syndrome. According to Mark Selikowitz, maternal age is a significant factor in causing trisomy 21. When females are born, all the eggs that a woman will produce are already present. The eggs wait years, some longer than others to be released and it is during the wait period (some 20-40 years) that it is believed errors can occur. On the contrary, man’s sperm does not remain standing therefore less probability for error. Additionally, people with a family history of down syndrome and people who carry the genetic translocation are factors to consider whether the child would be at

De novo mutations account for 80-90% of all cases of ACH (1, 4, 7, 8, 11). Recent research has determined that increased paternal age correlates to this specific mutation occuring (4, 7, 11, 19). The maternal age seems to have no effect, meaning that the de novo mutation occurs during spermatogenesis (20). This has also been studied and each affected individual was found to have received the mutated chromosome paternally (21). There has only been one documented case of an

Childbearing among unmarried women has been the subject of intense public policy and public health concern for decades, much of it reflecting concerns about the impact of family structure and the economic security on children’s health and mental well-being. This report examines dataset on births in NYC in 2001 to establish if there is a causal effect between nonmarital birth and low birth weight.

There are many risks associated with parental-age; including the increased likelihood of being pregnant with multiples, high blood pressure, hypertension and gestational diabetes. Consequently, these risks can cause the premature delivery of a baby with a low-birth weight (The American College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists 2015; March of Dimes 2017; Evidence Based Birth 2017). Women aged 40 are also susceptible to have a 51% chance of a spontaneous miscarriage and are two and-a-half times as likely to have a stillborn baby (Birth Injury Justice.org 2017); compared to a 22 year old with 8.7% (Birth Injury Justice.org 2017; Evidence Based Birth 2017). The miscarriage rates are higher in older women as they occur within the half of the first trimester due to genetic problems including Down syndrome; as 1 in 53 at the age of 40 have a baby with a genetic disorder, compared to 1 in 1064 at 25 (Evidence Based Birth 2017).

No autosomal dominant disorders do not skip generations; they pass on through each generation. If parents have a child, their child will receive the same autosomal dominant disorders that the parents had. And the opposite, if the parent don’t have any autosomal dominant disorders, then the child won’t have

1.1 Explain the pattren of developments in the first three years of life and the skills typically acquired at each stage.

Disease, which is very rare the baby could suffer defects in the brain and the

The most relevant idea from this article is the finding Paddock concluded, that there might be an association between menopause and genes,

Ageing: Reproductive functions decrease the older a woman gets, this is due to fewer eggs being left in the ovary and the quality of the egg also diminishes. When a woman is in her 30’s there is an increased chance of chromosome abnormalities like down syndrome.

In order to better understand aging-associated diseases, it is first necessary to define what aging is. Aging is a complex, multifactorial process of harmful mutations in cells and tissues that are accumulated over time and result in an increased risk of disease and, eventually, death (Tosato, Zamboni, Ferrini, & Cesari, 2007, p. 401). Contrary to the belief that aging can be cured through medical advances, it is scientifically accepted that, while human life expectancy has increased, the human life span has remained largely unchanged for the past 100,000 years (Tosato et al., p. 401). Therefore, future developments in aging research ought to focus on addressing treatment and prevention of major aging-associated diseases that will

Although there are many factors that affect the development of the fetus, research on the specific effects of prenatal maternal stress and the resulting negative outcomes for the development of the fetus will be reviewed. While there is knowledge of these harmful effects in scientific and medical communities, researchers are still in the midst of discovering the results of these negative effects on human development. An overall review of the literature suggests that this topic is still relatively new in research as most of the articles make note that despite the amount of current research studies, there are still many unanswered questions.

of aging and its physical and psyiological processes. A woman and a man's features change as they age but many of these changes are innate and are more biologically influenced by the aging process. Although, men tend to have more changes that happen to their body than women, but both have changes. Common and most frequent changes in men that occur are the decreased production of testosterone, size reduction and firmness of the testicles (Texas Tech University, 1998). More common complications involve getting or maintaining erections as a result of the increased prostate glands (Zeiss, 2003). As we grow old into the latter years of our adulthood,

known risk factor is advanced maternal age-at age 35, a woman has 1 chance in

Also, there is a greater risk of a child having Down syndrome if the mother is over 35 years old.

Telomeres are directly correlated to the aging of a human body. Although some people might think that shorter telomere lengths are detrimental, the natural shortening of these telomeres are essential to healthy and normal aging. It is natural for cells to divide through mitosis, but each time cells are split telomeres are lost through the process. This is why the telomere maintenance system was evolved to protect the ends of chromosomes (Prescott, Kraft, & Chasman, 2011). Every time a cell is divided, its telomeres are weakened, and stress can accelerate this weakening, and biologically age the person. As a