Summary of:
“An experimental study on the effects of physical, mechanical, and electrochemical properties of natural cohesive soils on critical shear stress and erosion rate”
This article is about the different soils in manitoba rivers and their erosion rate. The study was done using samples taken near the surface of the river. Samples from northern Manitoba contained brown clay with high amount of clay, silt and also organic content but samples from the Red River in southern Manitoba contained grey clay with high plasticity.
“Therefore, this study can represent behavior of cohesive river bank erodibility in Manitoba over a wide range of soil and sediment properties.” (Kimiaghalam Et Al.) study is trying to measure different erosion rates of soil in manitoba rivers. It was conducted by three scientists. Navid Kimiaghalam works at the University of Manitoba and has a Phd in. Environmental Engineering, Civil Engineering, and Geomorphology.
Shawn P Clark Works at the university of manitoba and has a Phd in Civil Engineering.
Habib Ahmari has a Phd in Civil Engineering and Hydrotechnical Engineering. He works at university of Texas Arlington and is a senior lecturer there. These scientists measured different erosion rates in order to learn about the properties that effect erosion. There has been very little study done on this topic so they had to make sure their research was thorough. In order to do so they used 13 different soil samples from 3 different locations.
In this Geography GCSE controlled assessment project, I will be focusing on rivers and I have chosen a hypothesis to prove that erosion is making an impact on the Loughton Brook Rivers. My hypothesis is, “The river Loughton brook becomes wider and deeper due to erosion as it moves downstream”. I will be investigating if erosion takes place downstream in the river. I will investigate if hydraulic action has an impact. I will study about vertical erosion, lateral erosion, Cross profile and hydraulic action.
There are six different types of water erosion: splash erosion, sheet erosion, rill erosion, gully erosion, valley or stream erosion, and bank erosion. Splash erosion is when raindrops hit soil and small soil particles are displaced. Sheet erosion is when raindrops remove soil in thin layers. During rill erosion, small concentrated flow paths are created. “These paths create a sediment source and delivery system for hillslope erosion. Areas where precipitation rates exceed soil infiltration rates are more prone to this type of erosion. During gully erosion, water flows in narrow channels during or after heavy rains or melting snow. The gullies can erode to considerable depths. Valley or stream erosion is created by water flowing alongside land. It extends downward, deepening a valley, and extending the valley into the hillside. This occurs more frequently
Starved rock and St. Peter Sandstone are an erosional remnant of Ordovician period. These remnants contain Pennsylvanian clastics that survived the washing out of the Illinois River at the end of the Ice Age. Evidence for swift, turbulent, and deep water includes gravel bars and erosional features as high as 160 feet above the current level of the river, massive cross bedded sand, and gravel deposits along the river course.
Any rainfall increases fluvial erosion. When rain does fall, this creates ephemeral streams causing water erosion due to fast forces of water. Flash floods are possible as well creating even more erosion.
Erosion is mainly caused by two main natural forces: water and wind. In Southwest Louisiana, erosion by water is one of the main issues we have as a coastal state. There are different factors that must be considered when looking at water erosion
Soil particles such as silt, clay, and sand are known as sediments and are the most significant pollutant to come from forested areas.
Soil erosion threatens soil fertility due to nutrient and organic matter loss, while also decreasing water quality through increased turbidity (umich.edu). During the last dust bowl in the 1930's more than 30 million hectares were severely damaged in parts of Texas, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Colorado (umich.edu). The Dust Bowl was primarily caused by the two factors of: 1) loss of long rooted grasses due to the plowing of the prairies and 2) a period of relative drought (umich.edu).
Often this extensive usage has led to foul, pollution-blackened streams and degraded industrial shorelines. Occasionally particularly since ecological disintegration has become the focus international alarm, intelligent efforts have been made to grapple with the myriad problems of urban river use. The Meewasin Valley Project was a product of the local expression of a global concern for the environment that emerged in the 1970s. While much of the South Saskatchewan remained in a natural state, threats to long-term water supply and quality and to the integrity of the watershed were evident. People had become more aware of the accumulated consequences of the thousands of actions, large and small, that shape something like a river valley. A lot of ideas for the vision came from Regina’s Wascana Park. Raymond Moriyama was commissioned by the Saskatchewan department of Municipal Affairs to orchestrate the vision. According to Moriyama, “We were determined to become students of the land. We listened to the quiet voice of the 10,000-year-old, but still young river. The result of meeting with many local groups and MLAs in the area was the conceptual 100-year Master plan. The first elements were unique land and unique people and the objective was
We also compare the River Leith to the Bradshaw model and see if the River Leith does follow the model of a typical river. This is done by measuring 20 sites in 3 river courses, the upper course, the middle course, and the lower course, we then compare these results to the Bradshaw Model and see if the River Leith has the typical properties of a river.
A cause of the erosion in the Grand Canyon and Colorado River is when there is flash flooding the effect of this is the water carries the sediment of from the Colorado River. Another cause is when the erosion if water happens when there were mountains when it keeps on raining the effect of this is the mountain will erode away until there is flat land. The animals or people who live near the Grand Canyon is a cause because of what we are doing because we could change of how erosion goes by digging up the dirt the effect s the erosion might speed up or something else. The cause of soil erosion is either erosion by wind and erosion by water. The effects of soil erosion is the ground is losing nutrients, the soil quality, structure, stability, the texture is also affected, which can hold the soil
The objective of this experiment is to obtain the grading curve for both fine and coarse aggregate.
The purpose of this experiment is to examine the impact of water erosion on soil due to splash erosion.
Erosion removes the surface soils, containing most of the organic matter, plant nutrients, and fine soil particles, which help to retain water and nutrients in the root zone where they are available to plants. Thus it affects the productivity of plants. The remaining, the subsoil, tends to be less fertile, less absorbent and less able to retain pesticides, fertilizers, and other plant nutrients. There are over 17,000 soil types recognized worldwide. They vary widely in structure, erodibility, fertility, and ability to produce crops. A generalized soil profile for a humid, temperate climate is showed. When the natural vegetation is cleared for agriculture, soils become exposed to erosion and loss of soil fertility. The removal of the above-ground natural
Significantly, desertification also cause soil erosion, which means soil surface is worn by wind and water. Desertification makes soil easy to erode by water or wind, as soil is exposed and soil structure is instable without forest. LaI R(2003) says that ““Land area globally affected by erosion is 1094 million ha (Mha) by water erosion, of which 751 Mha is severely affected, and 549 Mha by wind erosion, of which 296 Mha is severely affected.” To control soil erosion, an obvious way is virescence, enlarging forest cover, which can protect the soil far from exposing to strong wind. Also, the roots of plants under ground play a role as a framework, as they are obstructions to soil movement,
The structure derived from compacting the soil at different water contents and energy levels can have a substantial effect on its shear strength. While the shear strength can be estimated based on the saturated shear strength parameters and the