Loughton Brook Essay

During this unit of human geography, I have learned so much about religions, ethnicities, and even culture. For example, I learned about the religion Islam and how it is a religion of peace just like the Hindu religion and as well as the Buddhist religion and much more others. These religions and some others have much in common whether they accept it , these religions and some more are all peaceful religions and all teach good morals and principles to the followers, everyone following footsteps of good people and their good actions and/or deeds. When I was reading chapter 7 ( ethnicity) I learned that ethnicity also has to do with culture and that the chapter before that one, we were reading about ( folk culture) and how it much ties in with

There are six different types of water erosion: splash erosion, sheet erosion, rill erosion, gully erosion, valley or stream erosion, and bank erosion. Splash erosion is when raindrops hit soil and small soil particles are displaced. Sheet erosion is when raindrops remove soil in thin layers. During rill erosion, small concentrated flow paths are created. “These paths create a sediment source and delivery system for hillslope erosion. Areas where precipitation rates exceed soil infiltration rates are more prone to this type of erosion. During gully erosion, water flows in narrow channels during or after heavy rains or melting snow. The gullies can erode to considerable depths. Valley or stream erosion is created by water flowing alongside land. It extends downward, deepening a valley, and extending the valley into the hillside. This occurs more frequently

There are coarsening-upward sequences preserved, with flooding surfaces represented by low-relief erosional contact of trough-cross-stratification (runnel) upon low-angle planar bedding (swash zone).

5. Although there is very little rainfall in deserts, running water is still the most important process of erosion and deposition in arid environments. Describe and explain at least two special conditions in deserts that tend to increase the likelihood of fluvial erosion whenever it does rain.

Cronulla is a beachside suburb in southern Sydney, it is located 34.0574° S, 151.1522° E which is 26 kilometres south of the Sydney CBD (see figure 2). It is governed by the Sutherland Shire Council. Cronulla’s coastal environment is on the Kurnell Peninsula, which is made up of a tombolo. A tombolo is a sand spit connecting a rocky outcrop or island to the mainland. So this forms a barrier between Botany Bay and Bate Bay. The two areas of study visited were Wanda Beach and the Greenhills Beach development.

At Laurel Hill Duke Forest there is a large granodiorite cliff adjacent to a river on one side. This cliff is not smooth and has several parallel fractures instead of one steep slope. Observations of this cliff were taken in order to gather data and find possible explanations for why this cliff is where it is located and why the river adjacent to it follows a V-shaped path. One observation was that the range of the strikes and dips of the fractures facing river were all near parallel ranging from strike of 170-190 degrees and dips ranging from 70-90 degrees. There were other fractures oriented differently on other sides of the outcrop. Also, the surface of the outcrop was highly weathered in some parts where the rock type was not distinguishable without using a rock hammer and had moss growing over it.

The Ellicott City flood was destructive because it was on a high gradient stream. The high gradient stream made it flood faster, and had low stream discharge. Discharge is cross section of stream channel. It was also capable of moving large particles, which is an example of deposition and erosion. In the experiment, the ‘Main Street Ellicott City’ stream was more affected than the Meandering Stream. The Main Street Ellicott City stream was flooded faster, and more houses and cars were destroyed compared to the Meandering

The levee system has disrupted the natural deposits that are left from the overflow of the river.2

We also compare the River Leith to the Bradshaw model and see if the River Leith does follow the model of a typical river. This is done by measuring 20 sites in 3 river courses, the upper course, the middle course, and the lower course, we then compare these results to the Bradshaw Model and see if the River Leith has the typical properties of a river.

Professor Pisces' recently published research paper 'The hydrology of flood plains: a Victorian example' detailed six months of computer modelling that had resulted in a conclusion that the concreting of the lower reaches of the Newstown River would not entirely remove the risk of flooding upstream.This concreting project, funded by the state government.

The debate of climate driven or tectonic driven valley incision has many factors. Both suggestions provide relevant evidence to support the ideas. Climate driven valley incision indicates that the glacial-interglacial model dominates as the river progresses through cold and warm phases the erosion rates increase and decrease as it changes from each phases. Also changes to the sea level mean as it rises, the discharge of a river will change. Sea level rise as suggested by the IPCC 2014 report (Wong et al., 2014), has occurred from climatic changes and global warming which has caused glaciers to melt and 80% of global sea level rise has happened because of this. Erosional rates of incision can be controlled by factors such as temperature and precipitation which are controls of climate and

– Hypothesis – 1.2.1: the cross-sectional area of the river will increase the further away from the source the river is. 1.2.2: in the lower stages the velocity will increase because friction has decreased. 1.2.3: discharge will increase the further away from the source it gets as additional water is added to the river via surface run-off, tributaries, through-flow and base-flow. 1.2.4: size and angularity, of rocks, will decrease due to the smaller river load.

Rivers and streams are supplied with water that runs of the landscape surface and flows into the them, this area of land where this occurs is called a catchment (Holden, 2012).There are many issues that are related to urban hydrology and catchments, however, the most problematic and frequent one is flooding. Flooding occurs when high amounts of rainfall fall in the urban area and accumulates on the surfaces, due to the high development in urban areas. This is because most surfaces in urban areas are concreted, developed or highly congested with buildings, which results in the rainfall not being able to infiltrate into the soil due to these surfaces being impermeable (Davie, 2002). Therefore, the rainfall becomes runoff and makes its way into river systems which can cause rivers and streams to rise rapidly, resulting in localised flooding in urban areas. The aim of this experiment was to understand how the rainfall discharge in an urban environment will differ to a rural environment. Interpretations were able to be made from completing this experiment as to how and why the rainfall discharge differs between the two environments and what affects it could potentially have on the area of concern. The aim was achieved by simulating the two different catchment types and simulating rainfall to produce discharge results. A hydrograph was also produced from the results to allow analysis and interpretation of the results which was used to compare the two environments. It

The implications of reality, are to provide “what if” scenarios where manipulation of reality at sufficient scale is not possible. Channel-Hill slope Integrated Landscape Development (CHILD) model, this Computes time evolution of a topographic surface z(x,y,t) by erosion (fluvial, hill slope) and sediment transport. CHILD computes the evolution of topography and stratigraphy in response to erosion and sediment transport by gravitational, fluvial, and tectonic

The evaluation of stability of slopes in soil is an important problem in the field of geotechnical engineering. The failure of an embankment happens due to geological instability caused by changes to water levels. Most embankments fail due to seepage. Seepage, if uncontrolled can erode fine soil material from the downstream slope or foundation and continue moving towards the upstream slope to form a pipe or cavity to the pond or lake often leading to complete failure of the embankment. Due to the increase in water level scouring of soil may take place which can lead to catastrophic results. Therefore it becomes imperative to find