The Effects Of Stimulus Exposure And The Application Of Simple Stimulus Learning

After reading through chapter six, I began reading chapter seven of our psychology text titled, Learning. Learning is something we do everyday even we don’t realize it. While reading chapter seven, I learned that there are three different types of learning, classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and cognitive learning. Classical conditioning stands for two types of stimuli linking providing us the tools to have a reaction; this is the type of learning that involves automatic behaviors. Operant conditioning is the type of learning that causes a change in behavior, in reaction to consequences; this is the behavior that involves choosing of choices. Lastly, cognitive learning is the obtaining of new skills, behaviors, and information through

Infants are aware of sizes and can distinguish between colors such as red, yellow, and blue. Newborns are clearly capable of hearing, they tend to react to certain kinds of sounds. For example, a crying newborn will continue to cry if he or she hears other newborns crying (Feldman, 2014, p.114). Infants also learn to respond through operant conditioning. Operant conditioning, is a form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on its association with positive or negative consequences. For example, an infant who learns that smiling at his or her parents brings positive attention may smile more often. Infants demonstrate learning through habituation. Habituation is the decrease in the response to a stimulus that occurs after repeated presentation of the same stimulus. An example of habitation, a baby who showed interest and surprise at first seeing a novel toy may show no interest after seeing the same toy several times (Feldman, 2014, p.116). The cognitive change allows the infant to start learning their surroundings. The infant will start to recognize the faces of parents, feel pain, and to be able to react with the changes in their

From birth throughout adulthood, our behavior changes as we learn new things. For example, I am going 65 mph on the I-95 towards Philadelphia and a car in the right lane cuts short in front of me, I am able use my fast reflexes to step on the brakes just in time so that I do not hit the back of the car. There are three different types of learning: associative, non-associative, and observational. Associative learning is when we form connections between stimuli, and behaviors. This type of learning helps us to predict the future based on past history. Associative learning is broken down into two subcategories: conditioning and operant conditioning. In classical conditioning, connections are made between pairs of stimuli that happen sequentially in time. For example, if someone sees a bee of the first time and then gets stung, a connection is made between seeing the bee and the pain of the sting. In order to understand the method of classical conditioning, you must know the difference between conditioned and unconditioned stimulus. A conditioned stimulus deals with an important environmental event that is

This process is called habituation, when infants appear to create a neural model or internal representation that can later be used as a basis for comparisons. Stimuli discrepant from the habituated neural model usually trigger enhanced responses, or dishabituation. A stimulus perceived as novel requires more cognitive processing than a familiar one. Over the course of habituation, there is a shift from a familiarity preference to a novelty preference. Habituation is considered a basic form of learning that has been observed in a broad range of species. Moreover,

Learning is the act of changing an organism’s behavior in response to an experience. Associative learning is when an organism links two events that occur close in time. When an organism learns to make associations, it is being conditioned. There are two types of conditioning. Operant conditioning is when an organism associates an action and the consequence of that action. It results in the organism adapting its behavior to maximize rewards and minimize punishment (Skinner). On the other hand, classical conditioning is a type of learning where an organism associates a certain stimulus and the response to it with a different stimulus. A neutral stimulus is associated with an unconditioned response to an unconditioned

For this technique, two objects or patterns are simultaneously shown to an infant. If the infant looks at one of the objects longer than the other, the researcher can infer that the baby is able to discriminate between them and has a preference of one over the other. Habituation is another method that is used to study sensory and perceptual development in infants. For this procedure, a researcher presents an infant with a particular stimulus until the infant’s response to it decreases. Then a new stimulus is presented. If the infant’s response to it increases, the researcher can then conclude that the baby can distinguish the new from the old

There are many different kinds of ways that people and animals learn. People can adjust the way they learn to the different situations in which they are learning and what they have to learn. One form of learning is known as conditioning. Conditioning emphasises the relationship between stimuli and responses. The two types of conditioning found are Classical conditioning and Operant conditioning. Learning may occur in different ways. Psychologists have distinguished between different types of learning, these being Observational Learning and Insight Learning.

Another component of learning is memory. How does one take this auditory and visual stimulus only to recall it for a future application? Consensus is that there are three types of memory, sensory, working, and long-term. (Cowan, 2008). The first repository for our sensory input is sensory memory. Data resides here for a very short period, less than one second. An example of sensory memory would be reflector on a bicycle wheel at night. When the bike travels, fast enough the reflector gives the appearance of being a complete circle. A person has the choice of taking the content that is in the sensory memory and work with it, in which case it then goes into working memory, if not, the stimulus is forever

This paper will examine the philosophical topic of particular reason and compare it to the psychological topics of conditioned learning and exposure therapy. There will be an analysis of the similarities and differences between these topics and how they can be used to validate each other in regards to human cognition and behavior or actions.

Habituation is applied in discovering the perceptual systems which indicates that children advance earlier in developing perception compared to the acquiring the idea of the permanence of objects. Vision, hearing, smell and taste, language, touch, and pain are the early infant sensorimotor perceptual improvement in the infants’ mental growth. Motor development, required for the child to create relationships between vision, touch and

To identify my personal theory, it is important to understand what learning is. Learning takes many different methods. Ormond (2016) says learning [is] a long-term change in mental pictures and/or associations based on your experience. Ormond (2016) also says that there are three parts: a long-term change, it lasts for a long time; learning involves mental representations or associations, its basis is in the brain; and third, learning is a change as a result of experience.

When a horse has learned habituation the response to a stimulus has decreased. This happens when the horse is confronting the same stimulus multiple times and soon has gotten used to it and the response to it being there has decreased. When the horse has learned association this is called conditioning. The horse realizes “that this meant that”. The horse makes associations and connections with commands and cues.

Psychology is a broad subject filled with many different theories, several theories of which that were particularly interesting fall under the topic “The Learning Perspective”. In fact, Learning is described as the acquisition of knowledge or skills through experience, study, or by being taught. This paper takes a leap further into the psychology and true meaning behind the Learning Perspective, as well as its Biological Importance in our everyday lives. The ideology behind his perspective basically revolves around the idea that behavior is trained, conditioned, reinforced and essentially reflexive. Two of the main theories are listed as follows; The Behaviorism theory and The Cognitive theory. Each theory draws a clear distinction about its differences and similarities with its connection to stimuli. For example, in both sub theories, such as Classical Conditioning and Operant Conditioning, an action is done and a specific response is given. What sets both theories apart are the positivity or negativity of the reward for the action. From this paper, the importance of Learning is discussed as well as the effectiveness of the different theories and its principles that define and set each other apart.

     Psychologists have preformed many studies and proposed many theories regarding learning. Learning can be defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior that is due to past experience.

Learning has been described by Howe (1980) as ‘cumulative’ i.e. whatever we learn at any time is influenced by previous learning. It is also clear that developmental processes and learning processes are closely interlinked. Whilst psychologists agree that learning is affected by past experience and is relatively permanent there are differing theories about exactly what changes when learning takes place and what mechanisms are involved. An important issue is whether the focus is on overt behavioural changes (that which can be seen) or covert, cognitive changes (the unseen change in thoughts). The concept of learning is broad and there are different psychological theories as to what is involved in that learning process.