The Empirical Solar Radiation Prediction Models Essay

4. How does solar altitude affect the length of the path of solar radiation through Earth’s atmosphere?

Keep in mind that it is not likely that the chosen solar panels will receive the amount of sunlight that is available at the equator. Also, the actual amount of sunlight will vary throughout the day. Since it is best upon both the season and the weather, it isn't possible to use the maximum power rating to determine the exact power that will be seen from the solar panel. However, there are still ways to determine how well a panel will perform in a particular area. To learn this information, the average amount of sunlight that occurs in a particular area is necessary. With this information, one can calculate the best panel to purchase in order to receive the best

Urban Island Heat Effect: how cities are warmer than surrounding rural areas because of the many buildings, roads, parking lots, and other structures that replace natural vegetation. Due to the replacement of natural vegetation this results in more of the sun’s energy being absorbed and retained in urban areas compared to rural areas; leading to urban areas cooling at a much slower rate than rural areas at night. This study aimed to investigate whether urban areas, due to the amount of asphalt coverage, would be warmer and retain it’s heat longer than rural areas after sunset. The hypothesis was that urban areas would be warmer and retain it’s heat longer than rural areas after sunset since urban areas have more asphalt coverage. Data temperature

They both resulted in a small p-value (<0.05), which suggest that there were significant differences among the data collected at specific locations. The null hypothesis was rejected. Figure 1 shows that area 2 and 5 had the highest radiation measurements which were close to the nearest thousand, 7000 W/m². While the other areas, 1, 3, 4 and 6, resulted in a smaller value of sunlight radiation within the range of 600-1400 W/m². In figure 2, there were difference among the six sites, however the results were did not show an outlier. The soil temperatures were fairly between a range of 220 °C and 275 °C. Although, both measurements were gathered on different days, there is a relationship between the two. The locations of which the solar irradiance and soil temperature were taken has an effect on the two

Figure 2 shows the impacts of both volcanic and solar effects on the global temperatures and that these factors don’t change the average global

Solar energy has been one of the most newly introduced forms of electricity in the past half century, as solar panels become more and more frequent from year to year. One of the biggest pros about solar energy is the renewability. This means that we cannot physically run out of solar energy, as opposed to non-renewable energy sources such as fossil fuels, coal and nuclear. According to NASA, we will have access to solar energy for as long as the sun lives (Solar Energy). Although there are emissions associated with the manufacturing, transportation and installation of solar power systems, it’s almost nothing compared to most conventional energy sources considering harnessing solar energy does not cause pollution. Solar energy has also proven to reduce electricity costs as homeowners can now “sell” excess electricity during times when they produce

With the reduction of the dependence on fossil fuels, countries and citizens are looking for a way to fulfill their energy needs. Many turn to solar

In order for one to further understand the importance of solar energy, the problem of global warming must be explained. As defined by Webster’s Dictionary, “Global Warming” is an increase in the earth’s average atmospheric temperature that causes corresponding changes in climate and that may result from the greenhouse effect. With an average increase in atmospheric temperatures, our planet is slowly deteriorating. In order to stall or halt this global destruction, countries must turn to solar energy as a cleaner alternative to the depletion of fossil fuels. Solar energy creates a homeostasis for the climate. Due to its ability to decrease global climate changes, solar power can address global warming in several ways.

Solar energy is radiant light and heat from the Sun that is harnessed using a range of ever-evolving technologies such as solar heating, photovoltaics, solar thermal energy, solar architecture and artificial photosynthesis. The Solar energy as a kind of natural energy, with its abundant and no polluting shows its unique advantages, has been internationally recognized as one of the most competitive energy future. The application of solar energy has a hug impact on society.

The amount of energy used by the United States and the entirety of the world is predicted to drastically increase over the next few years. In 2001 the worldwide average energy consumption rate was approximately 13.5 TW (terawatt), but it is predicted that by 2100 that rate could triple to about 43 TW. In order to account for this greater need it becomes necessary to take action, as current production levels cannot meet the projected increase in energy consumption. There are many different approaches that could be taken so as to adjust for these forecasted levels. The following pages will consider the pros and cons to the following question: Should the United States Department of Energy promote a comprehensive

Continuing to follow the notion proposed within the given conceptual model, the southern stations showed that the inland city of Devil’s Garden experienced substantially colder winters compared to the winter time temperatures seen in Miami Beach. Encountering an average winter temperature of 51.4 degrees, Devil’s Garden is approximately 12 degrees cooler than Miami Beach’s average minimum winter temperature of 63.6. These locations, however, did not exhibit such a large disparity in summer time temperatures with Devil’s Garden’s maximum average displayed at approximately 92 degrees and Miami Beach’s maximum average displaying exactly 87 degrees. Upon further investigation, it appears that the discrepancy in average temperatures between the locations is perhaps caused by a sizable difference in latitudes with Devil’s Garden situated at 38.8 degrees north compared to Miami Beach situated at 25.8 degrees north. This divergence is the most likely responsible for Miami Beach’s high summer temperatures as areas in lower latitudes often experience warmer weather in addition to the fact that the beach is located closer to the equator.

Fig. 3.6 shows a typical case of solar radiation and estimating process of load curve level. Battery charging and discharging areas are denoted as A and B respectively.

Aerosols are one of the key factors responsible for the climate change and influencing the radiation budget of the earth. Columnar Aerosol loading (amount in the atmosphere) is usually quantified by mass concentration (PM-Particulate Matter) or by an optical measure (AOD-Aerosol Optical Depth). The effects of aerosols on atmosphere are mainly categorized into four types (Lau et al., 2008). They are 1) aerosol direct effects, 2) aerosol Semi-direct effects, 3) first Indirect effects and 4) the second Indirect effects. Direct effect of aerosols is the manifestation of dimming of solar radiation by aerosols due to scattering and absorption. Due to blockage of incoming radiations, the temperature in the lower levels of the atmosphere decreases and therefore, the convection process is weakened which results in a thermodynamically stabilized atmosphere layer. This in turn, reduces the humidity in the lower layers delaying the cloud formation (semi-direct effect). The first indirect effect, which is also called Twomey Effect, explains the aerosol and cloud interactions at microphysical scale (Twomey, 1977). The changes in aerosol concentrations (aerosols act as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN)) can also alter the cloud albedo and reflectivity. The second indirect effect deals with the

RESs based electrical energy is essentially compelled by geographic variables and utility components. India is one of the best beneficiaries of sunlight-based energy because of its ideal area in the sun-powered belt (40°S to 40°N). Accessibility of consistent solar radiation forecasting is crucial to the fulfillment of solar PV installations in distinctive geographical locations of the nation (Ramachandra et al., 2011). The Global Horizontal Irradiance (GHI) is beneficial for flat type solar collector while for sun creditors, which might be concentrating in nature Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI) data forecasting is needed. Indian Meteorological Section is the foremost government corporation in subjects regarding meteorology in the country. MNRE has taken several initiatives to install numerous major projects in order to develop a Solar Atlas, which is capable of valuing or quantifying solar radiation as well as other weather parameters. In Phase I, C-WET, situated in Chennai, established a system of 51 monitoring stations crosswise over India in the end of Oct-2011, each comprising of two towers of 1.5m and 6m. The 1.5m tower houses worked as Pyranometer and Pyrheliometer. While the 6m towers deal with precipitation, temperature variation, atmospheric pressure, moistness/ humidity, and wind speed surveying instruments. The maximum number of towers comprising of surveying instruments are situated in- Rajasthan, i.e. 12 towers

Meteorological parameter data for four regional towns in PNG were collected for this study. In addition, geographical locations and each sites geometrical standard parameters were calculated using formulas used by [43] in developing empirical solar radiation prediction models. Global solar radiation (GRS) data were obtained from National Aeronautics