The Epidemic Of London. Johnson

Throughout the centuries, there have been an infinite amount of literary works written by a sea of authors that write a variety of genres. All of these works are precious in their own way, and even if their theme is similar to that of another, the author always ads a bit of his/her own flare in order to make said literary creation unique in some way. William Wordsworth’s “London 1802” and Paul Laurence Dunbar’s “Douglass”, although quite similar in form and sentence structure, do add their own flare through the use of specific details. Through the use of these devices, the speakers show their disgust for the evil deeds humans do and

The work of these two men changed the contemporary views on how disease was spread. By solving the cholera mystery, they helped contribute to making the world safe for bigger cities. Over the next few years a lot of changes were made. Both the medical and public health establishments latched onto Snow’s waterborne theory and through one of the greatest feats in engineering history, London started the process of making an entirely new sewer system. This, along with other precautions such as boiling water that was suspected to be contaminated, brought an end to city-wide choleric outbreaks. Besides the improvements in sewage, the improvements of sanitary conditions all around greatly diminished the spread of disease and held a major part in making the modern city possible. Overall, it turned out that something that was once horrendous and deadly for a massive amount of people, eventually turned out to be helpful for the future of mankind. (Johnson)

There are many ways to explore any period in history. The period that we will look further into will be Medieval Europe. I found an academic article that explores deeper into that period, especially the Black plague. Assembling three primary sources of the black plague, each has a different perspective of what was portrayed in the academic article.

All throughout history nations all over the world have dealt with deadly diseases, but one in particular brought out the fear in the nations of Europe, the bubonic plague or as others call it, the black death. During the thirteenth century, medicine was not as developed as it is now, causing England to suffer more than others. According to Cantor (2002) the European nations encountered the bubonic plague in its most brutal state during 1348 to 1349, taking out about a third of Europe’s population (pp. 6-7). He continues on by claiming that one big question to this event was whether or not the plague was the full cause to the loss of lives or if there was another cause along with it (p. 11). Cantor (2002) also explained that the reason the black plague stopped in Europe around the eighteenth century could possibly have been from an introduction to a new species of rats, the gray rat (p. 13). Even though there is controversy based around the plague being spread by rats and how it was stopped by isolation, it may have taught countries useful strategies and ways to grow stronger.

The American Plague was written by Molly C. Crosby, who is as much as a researcher as she is an author. In 1648, a slave ship returning from Africa carried a few mosquitoes infected with a deadly virus know as yellow fever. The ship landed in the New World and thrived in the hot wet climate and on the white settlers. The New World has never come in contact with yellow fever and as a result no immunities have been built up. The virus obtained its name from the way it turns the victim’s skin and eyes a golden yellow. Victims also suffer from very high fevers, external and internal bleeding, and blackish vomit. In America yellow fever killed thousands of peoples, halted trade, and disrupted the government. Although many

The Plague or ¨Black Death¨ was a virus that spread across Europe killing about 60% of the population. The plague's origin was at the time unknown and this brought about many questions. At this time, people did not have basic necessities such as proper hygiene and medicine. Therefore there was fear, superstitions as well as conspiracy, and there were also some who realized that they could gain from the deaths of those around them.

In “How to Read Literature Like a Professor” John Foster describes methods on how to relate texts to each other. He writes about reoccurring character development, relation to Shakespeare, the Bible and any other reoccurring literary devices commonly used in books. The___ Foster states in his book is seen being used in Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle.

The rhetorical devices he chose to use through his letter play a role in the quality of his letter and why it makes such a strong point. Johnson uses metaphors and comparisons to raise questions about the conditions of the gaols. His narrative voice and diction in the letter creates a sense of sarcasm that lightens the serious topic of the letter. The amount of prisoners in gaols for debt is unreal and Johnson uses rhetorical strategies

Snow, a man from the modest home of a labourer, uncommon roots for the men in his profession, made exceptional discoveries which were found by using the most novel thinking and common surveyor’s techniques. He was the first to consider the waterborne theory of cholera and looked at the outbreak from a street and a birds-eye view which in the end allowed him to see the patterns of the outbreak. Whitehead was the local curate who had a first-hand look at the lives of those who were affected by this deadly pathogen. It was he who, spurred on by disprove Snow’s claims, found the crucial evidence that in the end solidified Snow’s theory. Farr was a man with a similar background to Snow, who collected much of the raw statistical data used by Snow to develop and then support his theory. Farr’s information also lead Snow to map out patterns of cholera deaths in the St. James region, creating the “Ghost Map”, an instrumental tool in the defense of his theory.

The medieval times had no education or knowledge of ways to prevent such a disease from overtaking them. Doctors of the time were completely unable to prevent or cure it. They were, in a ways, stuck with this dreadful killer and their only choices were to wait it all off. Nowadays, doctors and researchers have studied so much into the plagues capabilities, they know of treatments that can either sustain, if not, cure Yersinia pestis from overtaking another era. At home treatments were found to be somewhat reliable to the plague and one includes using vinegar and rose water to drench over an infected body to help cleanse of the bacterias toxins. Cures such as cooked onions, arsenic, sitting in sewers, and fumigating homes with herbs were tried. Apparently the black swellings were also thought

Altogether, the essayist compiles information with his own opinion, and expects the reader to digest all of the data given as if it suggests his

The high middle ages from the eleventh to the fourteenth century saw the reemergence of urban life, the revival of long distance commerce, innovation, maturation of manorial agriculture, and a burgeoning population. Consequently, the fourteenth century spawned war, famine, disease and economic decay, leading to what many historians believe to be the end of the Middle Ages. Although there were many contributing factors such as famine, collapsing institutions and war. Many historians believe the arrival of the Black Death to England in 1348 was the final straw, and the most impactful agent of change in that area. In a letter to his brother, Petrarch wrote, “When has any such thing been even heard or seen; in what annals has it ever been

The American Plague, Molly Caldwell Crosby’s nonfiction novel, accounts the journey of yellow fever from an African virus to the remarkably deadly epidemic that shaped American history in an often overlooked way. Crosby’s novel aims to give insight to the historical impact of yellow fever in the Americas, especially the United States. The novel guides through the history of the titular “American Plague”, yellow fever, in three main parts: its height epidemic in the United States, specifically in Memphis, the Commission to find the cause and vaccine for it, in Cuba, and the effects and presence the epidemic has in the present.

There is a certin unsureness in the circulation and communication of information in A Journal of the Plague Year by Daniel Defoe. This instability of the language in this proto-novel is caused by the author citing two sides to every point or statement he makes causing contradictions. On top of this Defoe repeats the same points throughout the entire text. This uncertainty helps to make the reader believe the writing is an actual journal as opposed to an edited, actual non-fiction.

A Journal of the Plague Year is a first person account of what it was like living through the times of the plague. It recollects stories and other accounts of plague times heard by and collected by the Defoe from other involved individuals. Explains many aspects before, during, and after the plague of their ways of life and culture. Tells of tales of survivors of the plague but mostly off different tales of deaths and how they died in many outrageous and tragic ways of people killing their families, themselves, or masses of people. The whole journal is filled with collections of stories, but also with charts showing the deaths in different parishes and how they change as the plague raged on. In the end, it tells how life went back to normal for London and Defoe and his family.