Reflection on “The extent and consequences of P hacking in Science” Megan L. Head, Luke Holman, Rob Lanfear, Andrew T. Kahn, Michael D. Jennions The replication crisis is a topic that has gained a fair amount of attention in the past years. It centers on the finding that numerous of the studies that have been conducted in the field of psychology cannot be replicated. Only recently a paper was published in Nature stating that less than half of the studies in psychology can be reproduced. It has been shown that this effect is not only applicable to studies of the psychological science, but also to medicine, technology, mathematical sciences, and many other disciplines in which research is being done. The mechanisms (X) that are responsible …show more content…
All of these methods fall under the category of p hacking, also known as data dredging, data fishing, data snooping, or equating fitting. If p hacking had a slogan, it would say, “If you torture data long enough, they will confess”. It refers to the method of analyzing data in different ways in order to gain the desired p value of 0.05 (or a p value of 0.001, for purposes of simplicity, in the following, I will refer to a p value of 0.05 as significance level). The present paper addresses this topic by giving an overview of different forms of p hacking, explaining how p curves are used to assess p hacking and doing two types of analyses to determine the extent of p hacking. They conclude with a section on the recommendations how to reduce p hacking in the future. Head et al. use two different approaches to determine the extent of p hacking in their analysis. The first method they pursue is the so-called text mining. This method uses automatic text evaluation with predetermined parameters. In this case, Head et al. search for p values in all open access papers that are accessible through the data base pubmed. They include all p values that are reported exactly (i.e. ‘p = ‘). It had been shown in previous statistical analyses through text mining that p hacking is present, but the objection had been expressed, that only the abstracts section was being examined. Here, Head et al. present text-mining data from both the results and the abstracts sections of all
(Notes. Usually the contemplated action will be supported by some clauses in the code and opposed by others. When this happens, we must use our judgment to determine which of the clauses are most important before we can reach a conclusion about the morality of the contemplated actions.
The purpose of this paper is to touch on the issue of Hacking. It will go into detail about the history, evolution, future and prevention of Hacking. In addition, this paper will discuss different types of hackers and their motivation behind hacking. This paper examines the major impact caused by malicious hackers and give modern examples of such attacks. To conclude, it will predict how hacking will be in the near future and give the precautionary measures Information Security professionals can take to mitigate the risk of being victimized.
Replication occurs when researchers apply an existing theory to new situations. This is often used to test the generalizability of different subjects. This subject group can include any type of variable such as age, race, location, and culture. The main goal of replication is to make sure previous results are valid, to determine the role of extraneous variables, to see how the theory is affected in new situations, and to inspire new research. Sometimes when replication is done results can change or become more vague. This is referred to as the decline effect. The decline effect does not mean the new results are better or that the previous results are wrong, it just means that the results occur less and less each time the experiment
My report will be discussing and analyzing the computer attack that happened at Stellar University (SU). In the first part, I will give a brief about that school and outline its servers. In the second part, I will discuss and analyze the issues that happened in IT department and finally I will add solutions, recommendation and end my report with conclusion and references.
The US should not retaliate in a cyber-war because it can cause lots of damage to our water supply, cellphone towers, trains, airport landing lights, and even our daily lives. If we were to go to war with Russia or another country that is more experienced in hacking, the results would be terrible. The other country would be able to malfunction our airplane equipment. They could make the plane go out of control, malfunction the landing gear, or take complete control over the plane. They could hack into our banks and take our money which would leave the country in debt. They could damage the stock markets and make any company go down dramatically in business.
P alleges assault and false arrest. P alleges that he was standing on the sidewalk when MOS Familia, Sanchez, and Nunez grabbed him and demanded identification and pulled him inside the building. P claims that MOS accused him of buying drugs and searched him. P alleges that MOS pulled his arms causing one of his shoulders to be dislocated. P claims that when he screamed in pain MOS began to beat him on his torso, head, and legs. P claims MOS delayed his request for medical treatment. MOS state that they were patrolling the area and observed P inside the lobby of the building which was enrolled in the trespass affidavit program. MOS entered the building and approached P and asked him what he was doing in the building. MOS stated that P stated
Hacking into Harvard is a case study written about an occurrence starting from an anonymous post on the message board for BusinessWeek Online that gave clear and concise instructions on how to view a school’s acceptance decision on the ApplyYourself application software There were many critics who would argue against the schools decisions such as punishments and the fact that the actions to view the restricted information was regarded as hacking. Parable of Sadhu is a case study written about a climbing trip in the Himalayas where a group of people encountered a dying pilgrim on their trip. There was an issue between individual ethics and corporate ethics colliding. If they have stopped to help bring the dying pilgrim down, they would have not been able to complete their venture to reach the top. Challenger is a case study of how there was the space shuttle in January 1986 that is, without question, the worst disaster in the nation’s space program. An employee attempted to stop the launch of the shuttle, but ended up unsuccessful. Enron is a case study about a business, who was ranked the fifth-largest company in the United States in 2002. The company ended up bankrupt Blood for Sale is a case study written about how blood is a commodity with a price. People are willing to sell blood in order to gain a profit or purchase it in order to sell a life. The main issue with blood for sale
When people think of hacking, they think of the Matrix style hacking where they look at an interpretable screen with falling green symbols. Contrary to popular belief, hacking has become much easier as technology advances and more wireless alternatives become available such as bluetooth cars and phones. Technology companies have also begun to increase their security and has slowed the amount of attacks and has reduced the amount of personal information that can be stolen . However, even
An article published by TheWeek.com titled Inside America’s Hacking Epidemic states that cyberattacks initiated by hackers is a growing threat that could lead to a number of serious problems. Some of these problems include the shutting down of the electrical grid and water supply. The author writes, “These cybercriminals can potentially target every aspect of our lives that involves an internet connection. They could suddenly apply the brakes on smart cars or take over a passenger jet’s avionics system.” In this passage, the author is trying to convey that there are many things that hackers can do to cause chaos. Some countries, such as Russia and China, sponsor hacking groups. Hacking groups such as Cozy Bear and Guccifer 2.0 are some examples of hacking groups sponsored by Russia. In conclusion, the author believes that cyberattacks are becoming more threatening and can be catastrophic to all aspects of society.
The article discusses the increasing trend of conducting replications, as opposed to novel idea studies Additionally, the article highlights that replications are becoming more common and can lead to debunking and discrediting another’s work. Unfortunately, with the focus being on replication, the time spent conducting and exploring new knowledge is consequently reduced. However, it is also suggested that replications provide accountability for scientists to ensure their work is of high quality. Questions to discuss in class: What do we think is the ultimate goal of conducting a replication versus an original study? How can scientists ensure that as a field, the
America hacking epidemic. Hacking in America is becoming a bigger and bigger problem every day. Hackers/cyber criminals have actually hacked into the Pentagon, State Department, and the White House. They have stolen the personal data of an estimated one half of Americans in attacks on banks and tech companies like yahoo and provided WikiLeaks with the personal emails of democratic party officials, as well as generals and former secretaries of state. Hackers are breaking into illegal and personal information that isn't entitled to them. Being able to get into secret and personal information may not seem as bad as it sounds, but it can get you into serious trouble even just with the little things.
Society is addicted to technology? Some people may think that and their is a lot of support to backup that technology is addicting, but should we embrace the digital age and all of its advancements. I think society is addicted to technology, and we are not using it the right way, we are using it for more bad than good.
The artificiality of inventive conditions in experimental environments is a repeated concern. How real can laboratory-based research be? This paper will explain the criticism of artificiality in the discipline of psychology and apply this criticism to at least three sub disciplines within psychology. This paper will also compare and contrast the breakthrough model of scientific research and the principle of connectivity in explaining events and outcomes; finally ending with comparing and contrasting the concepts of the single cause explanation and the principle of multiple causation in explaining events and outcomes.
Throughout this course I have learned many things about research at an introductory level. Research is a critical part of all of our lives in many ways. God blesses each of us with a degree of common sense and we all learn from observing others even as babies, we learned behaviors and skills by observing our parents. Walking through experiences throughout life teach us a lot we need to know as well but sometimes we have to take a better approach when we need to learn about certain things. Many of us know that what works in some situations or with certain individuals doesn’t always work or is the safest option for another situation. Controlled and precisely organized study allows scientists to compare and examine contrasting methods and concepts, also helps them to discover various approaches and be able to learn from individual’s behaviors and experiences. I will act as the case study throughout this paper in order to observe what I have learned about.
I come from a world that is multicultural and inspirational. It is not only because of the city that I currently live in or the school that I attend, but rather, it is from the family that I come from. My family is from around the world and the experiences that I have had with them has made me into someone who aspires to help others.