The Four Chemical Reactions

The experiment is to observe a variety of chemical reactions and to identify patterns in

The diverse types of chemical reactions include Combination Reaction, Decomposition Reaction, Displacement Reaction and Oxidation Reaction.

It’s important for reactions in aqueous solutions to reach equilibrium, meaning that both products and reactants need to be present before continuing to the next reaction or next step. In this experiment, copper was changed through eight different reactions. Throughout the process, qualitative observations were recorded to see what effect each type of acid and decanting has on copper. All of these steps were successfully completed by using different acidic solutions and zinc to take copper through the cycle from copper solid to copper nitrate to copper hydroxide, to copper oxide, to copper II sulfate, and back to copper solid.

The purpose of this lab is to decipher and observe the four types of reactions.

: During each reaction, something happened. During reaction 1, after adding the nitric acid a red-brown gas was created. The copper first turned green after a few minutes turned into a blue solution. Reaction 2, When acid was added a blue precipitate formed. Reaction 3, when heated the solution turned into a black precipitate.

Part A of lab (preparation of copper (II) nitrate from copper metal). Weigh out ~ 0.2 g of copper foil pieces (record to the nearest .001 g) into a weigh boat. Describe its physical appearance in the lab notebook. Pour the foil pieces into the bottom of a 10 ml graduated cylinder. Place the cylinder under the bench top snorkel. Add 3 ml of 6 M nitric acid (HNO3) to the 10 ml graduated cylinder. Use a glass rod to push down any floating pieces of copper foil. A vigorous reaction will quickly ensure. The brown gas being evolved is nitrogen dioxide (NO2). The copper is oxidized in this process, forming Cu (NO3)2. Record detailed observations of the reaction, including: initial and final color of the solutions, sounds, heat evolved, gases evolved, what happened to the metal, etc.

While this is reacting, it creates a gas called nitrogen dioxide. This is a gas that should not be inhaled at all. It is a very toxic gas. While adding the nitric acid to the copper, it should be done in a fume hood

The initial mass of copper was recorded, and then compared with the mass of recovered copper at the end of the experiment. The reactions that occurred during this lab include; Metathesis reactions, which are biomolecular reactions that occur in water, Redox reactions or reduction-oxidation reactions in which electrons are transferred between reactants, Single displacement reactions, which are redox reactions where a metal replaces a metal cation from its salt, Combination reactions, which occur when two or more reactants produce on product and Decomposition reaction, which occur when one reactant produces two or more products. Table of Reactions Cycle Step # Equation Reaction Type #1 Cu(s )+ HNO3(aq)Cu(NO3)2(aq)

Chemical kinetics is the study of rates during chemical processes and the speed at which they occur (Chm.Davidson, 2016). Chemical kinetics can be altered by the effect of various variables and the re-arrangement of atoms. An example of kinetic processes can be seen in many experiments such as the ‘Landolt Iodine Clock Reaction.’

Reactions occur everywhere, and they may take decades, such as fossils, or only seconds, such as lighting a match to occur. “Chemical kinetics concerns the rates of chemical reactions” and what factors affects these rates (Iodine Clock, 2017). “Temperature, concentration, pressure of reacting gases, surface area of reacting solids and the use of catalysts are all factors which affect the rate of a reaction” (Bbc.co.uk, 2017). This is because they affect the reaction roles and yields of activation energy, product management and reactant management (William, 2017). This is accomplished by “making changes to the concentration, pressure or temperature of a reaction to alter the position of the equilibrium” (Bbc.co.uk, 2017).

A Metabolic pathway is a series of chemical reactions in which the product of one reaction becomes the substrate for the next reaction. (Nature.com, 2010). Chemical reactions in metabolic pathways rarely take place spontaneously. Each reaction step is catalysed, by an enzyme. Enzymes are important for catalysing all types of biological reactions: those that require energy as well as those that release energy. (Metabolic Pathways, 2016)

Enzymes are specialized macromolecular catalytic proteins that help our bodies energize specific chemical reactions. All chemical reactions happening inside of our bodies are catalyzed by specific enzymes. These enzymes are vital components of our well-being and help keep us running the way we do every day. Enzymes also carry out a variety of functions other than speeding up chemical reactions in the body. Enzymes serve to collect nutrients and energy from food, and they also help in the process of diagnosing diseases. They have a certain specific “lock & key” structure, where a specific substrate is allowed into the active site of the enzyme. Once the substrate is allowed into the active site, it forms what is called the Enzyme-Substrate Complex, and forms a chemical reaction (Campbell, 2014).

Chemical processes serve as a primary framework that presides over the natural environment. Biological processes are driven by chemical reactions (Likens 2006). There are several chemical processes that are involved in biological cycles; they consist of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, water, and oxygen. The cycle begins with carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen in the atmosphere and is connected to the biosphere through the hydrosphere and the geosphere. The phosphorous cycle begins within the geosphere and is connected to the biosphere through the atmosphere and hydrosphere. The sun gives these cycles its energy and life is formed during their interaction with one another.

When a chemical reaction happens atoms are rearranged and new chemical substances are formed. In a chemical reaction there are changes of energy often in the form of heat. Gases expand to fill any space that is available, however a gas is easier to see when it’s a bubble. Mixing baking soda and vinegar together will create a whole bunch of bubbles at once. Baking soda is made from the deposits of white water soluble solid in powder,however it is pulled out by a water process that uses no chemicals. Vinegar is a liquid including mainly of acetic acid and water. The amount of friction between objects depends on how hard objects, push against each other. Friction is the force that slows objects down when they rub together.

Background Information: A chemical reaction is the change of a substance into a new one that has a different chemical identity (Chemical Reaction , 2015). It rearranges the atoms of the reactants to create different chemical elements or compounds. Chemical reactions occur because an atom is trying to get a full outer shell of electrons. A chemical reaction is usually accompanied by easily observable physical effects such as the emission of heat and light, precipitate, gas and colour change (Factors that affect reaction rates, 2015). When a chemical reaction is complete there will be stability, no further charge and no energy being released or absorbed. The rate of a chemical reaction is the speed at which the reaction occurs. Some reactions are essentially instantaneous while other may take decades. The factors that influence that the rates of chemical reactions include the temperature, the solvent, surface area and the presence of a catalyst (Factors that affect reaction rates, 2015) . Temperature increases the average kinetic energy making it move faster and collide more frequently, increasing the reaction rate (Reaction Rates, 2015). Solvent viscosity is the density and thickness of the solution. The more viscous the fluid, the more dense it will be and so it will take longer to diffuse causing the reaction time to be slower (Factors that affect reaction rates, 2015). The surface area is increased by grinding or cutting the substance into smaller pieces. If the surface