The Impact of Chewing Khat and the

Non-Probability Sample - is a process when samples are gathered in a way where everyone do not have an equal chance to be selected. . I am going to sit in the lobby of the dormitories, A. A. Branch, Renner, Berkshire, and New Women, to pass out surveys to the first 20 students in each dorm that pass by and voluntary want to take it.

The researchers used purposive sample but did not give any explanation as to why this choice sampling was made. It is essential to describe the sampling process in a research where this facilitates the reader to distinguish any bias in the whole sampling process. In studies using participants, the process of how to select, access, inform and retain research participants requires considerable thought. Sampling is a key issue, because it is

The research topic is selected, the testable research question is developed, research on the topic is found, the literature review is completed, and a decision is made on the research design. Now, one of the most important steps in the research process to accomplish is the collection of data. Notwithstanding the research project and whether the method of research is whether qualitative or quantitative, data must be collected. Data collection is essential whether the method of choice is a mail survey, a telephone survey, an interview, an experiment, field research, or secondary data analysis. Data collection is an important aspect of any research study. Inaccurate data can impact the results of a study and ultimately lead to invalid results. During the data collection step, a significant amount of time, energy and attention are required. In order to ensure the data collection process is valid and successful, one should adhere to the four steps involved: (1) the construction of a collection data form which is used to organize all data that is collected; (2) the designation of the coding strategy used to represent data on a data collection form; (3) the collection of the actual data; and (4) entry into the data collection form (Salkind, 2012).

Both qualitative and quantitative research methodology will be use to investigate the hypothesis. The use of case study, questionnaire, interview and statistical analysis will be used to observe and asks questions about the views of the micro, meso and macro levels of society on my topic. Problems that could occur with these methodology is not having enough adequate data to proceed the with each analysis. Secondary research will be used to make subjective judgments about what data is useful and what is not for the motive for the research process.

According to Acharya, Prakash, Saxena, and Nigam (2013), sampling designs are classified into two categories: probability sample and non-probability sample. Probability sampling aids in the generalizability of the results because individuals in the population have an equal chance of being selected to participate in the study (Acharya et al., 2013). With the non-probability sampling method, every individual does not have the same chances of being included (Frankfort-Nachmias, & Nachmias,

Each of 30 interviewers was asked to recruit 14 subjects (convenience sample of 7 males and 7 females aged between 18 and 80 years old)

The data was collected through the interview style. The data was then analyzed, and finally, interpretation of the information was given as a result of the thorough review.

This section will provide the rationale of the methods employed and highlight how the study will be performed. The study will examine the population with the sample size identified, data collection method and its analysis will be offered.

In regards to sampling, the number of participants and associated demographic information was detailed in the analysis. The specific techniques and methods used were provided to include, for example, thematic analysis to determine the four major themes as well as minor themes at both time periods. From the use of thematic analysis it can be inferred that the researched used a data analytic strategy to find patterns in the data and develop themes by developing “codes, words or phrases that serve as labels for sections of data” (Boyatzis, 1998, p.

The sample size is a simple calculation using stated parameters such as confidence level or Z-Score, margin of error, and standard deviation. For this research study, the confidence level is 95%, and the margin of error is 5%, therefore, each sample size is determined to be 289 responses. The calculation is in Appendix B.

In general, there are several methods for data collection and the different data collection methods provided its own advantages and disadvantages (Sekaran 2003, p. 223). For carrying out the data collection, the appropriate methods should be applied. In the research, the data collection could be done through the interview, for example, face-to-face and telephone interview. To collect the data by using interview technique, the questionnaire is commonly employed as the instrument for gathering data, the questionnaire could be able to distribute by mail or electronic mail. In addition, the data collection could be conducted by observation of individuals with or without audio or video recording. Before choosing the methods for data collection the expertise of the researcher, the degree of accuracy required, time and resources must be taken into consideration. Thus,

The first common theme that will be discussed in this section is the methodology of the study. The three articles presented similar method of collecting data, as well as, using a small sample size. Lilendfel et

Indeed, there are numerous of techniques used in sampling. However, there are two comprehensive types of sampling techniques. They are probability sampling and non-probability sampling techniques correspondingly referred to as random and non-random sampling techniques respectively (Cohen, Manion & Morrison, 2007). Probability sampling technique is ordinarily used in large quantitative type research projects. Needless to say, where large sample size is needed from across a broad spectrum of society, it becomes paramount therefore that random sampling technique becomes optimal.

The aim of this chapter is focus on how data required for the research is to be obtained. Section 3.2 outlines the sampling techniques that can be used to choose representative respondents to the population under study. It will give a brief explanation on sampling and also explanation on various sampling techniques. Section 3.3 focuses on the data collection methods. It will give a brief explanation of various data collection methods. Section 3.4 describes data analysis. It explains how data collected will be analysed. Section 3.5 will give an outlook on data analysing and section 3.6 describe on data presentation.

This part will presents the details of the research design and methodology that use to conduct the study and it will includes: research design, population and sampling techniques, data source and data collection methods and finally research procedures and data analysis methods will be presented.