The Impact of Systems Theory and Diffusion of Innovation Theory on Healthcare

Systems thinking was developed during this SMAC by learning to identify the connections of Information tecnology and the health care system. This SMAC involved the understand of the health care system and the service they provide and how they operates. As a result, while systems thinking allows new and useful methods to improve patient safety, it comes with it its own intangible challenges that, if not documented and addressed, will both slow improvement and present new harm.

In society, there are groups that interact with each other. They may be families, churches, government agencies, or anything in between. Those groups can be defined as systems, and in the systems perspective that is what they are referred to (Hutchison, 2017). In the 1960s, Ludwig von Bertalanffy developed the general systems theory in relation to biology, but it was widely publicized and used for various subjects (Hutchison, 2017). Hutchison (2017) summarized Bertalanffy’s theory by saying, “any element is best understood by considering its interactions with its constituent parts as well as its interactions with larger systems of which it is a part.” (p.

A system is a set of interrelated parts. Systems theory assumes that a system must be understood as a whole, rather than in component parts. It is a way of looking at the world where all the objects are interrelated with one another. Many family systems are addressed in the movie Little Miss Sunshine.

A system is “A set of interrelated and interdependent parts arranged in a manner that produces a unified whole” (robbins 2006), and Systems theory is the

The company benefits from open systems theory because it takes into account modern cultural changes and needs.

The “Lewis Blackman Story” told by Helen Haskell, a person who continues to advocate for change and improved quality of care. Lewis Blackman the son of Helen Haskell died at age fifteen after developing complications after surgery that included incorrect administration of a medication and a nursing team who failed to see the changes in patient’s condition and effectively and sufficiently respond to the change in a timely manner ultimately resulting in failure to rescue and the patient’s death. More specifically, the staff failed to recognize the signs of shock that this patient. Likewise, no rescue plan was in place. Lastly, failed protocols and failed leadership

The Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems is a model created by psychologist Urie Bronfenbrenner that refers to five structures of which an individual interacts with that impacts their development. The structures are referred to as systems in the model and there are five systems: Microsystem, Mesosystem, Exosystem, Macrosystem, Chronosystem.

These represent a paradigm shift in scientific and social thinking: from viewing the world as a collection of unconnected objects to seeing reality as a nested holarchy of interacting systems. While the mechanistic worldview of our current system does not understand the relationship between human societies and the natural world, a systems perspective recognizes that our economies are subsets of their environments. The emergence of this holistic worldview creates the potential for the rapid development of a sustainable societal system.”

The General Systems Theory (GST) came about as an effort to describe the systems approach, born from the biological concept of the organism developed in the first part of the 20th century (Von Bertalanffy, 1972). In contrast to the mechanistic systems which are closed and have a direct relationship between a cause and its effect, a biological or social system is open, operating on a principle of equifinality, where regardless of the starting point, the objective can be achieved (Kast & Rosenzweig, 1972). Any system will achieve equilibrium, but an open system can reach a steady state by accessing resources from outside itself (Kast & Rosenzweig, 1972). The underlying assumptions of GST rely on the organization of a company resembling the inner workings of an organism. However, subgroups within organizations can act independently of the the whole, in

The effect of innovations within the healthcare industry leads to many scientific and technical changes in healthcare delivery. To cope with these changes, there necessitate to prepare and train healthcare workers to improve employees ' knowledge and the quality of care. Limited clinical experience with new mode of mechanical ventilation, such as Airway Pressure Released Ventilation mode, make its implementation difficult in real critical world. Adequate staff training time, offsite support services, and backup from ventilator manufacturers are essential to improve employees ' knowledge and skills. My research topic seeks to investigate the effectiveness of scenario-based learning in training healthcare practitioners in the use of APRV. Airway Pressure Released Ventilation (APRV) was first introduced by Dr. Christine Stock and Dr. John Downs, in the late 1980s. The APRV application was originally used as a rescue therapy to manage ARDS patients who have difficulty in oxygenation.{40} The Drager Evita was the first ventilator provide APRV. Other ICU ventilator manufacturers incorporated APRV mode with different terminology. Such as, the Maquet Servoi refers to APRV as Bi-vent; the Puritan Bennett 840 uses the term Bi-level; the Cardinal AVEA uses Bi-phasic; and Hamilton G5 refers to APRV as DouPAP.{13}

With the second wave of systems theory came about the idea of the ecological perspective, named ecological systems theory. It is the combining of general systems theory with an ecological approach. Ecological systems theory uses ideas that link together four different social systems that surround an individual; these systems are known as, micro-systems, meso-systems, exo-systems and macro-systems (Healy, 2005). The ecological model is used as a tool. These systems are very structured and use certain processes as guideline. Different processing concepts are used in systems theory. These concepts explain how the system works. Input is the energy being fed into the system across boundaries. Throughput is how the energy is used within the system and output is the

Systems thinking is a method of thinking that looks at the interconnectedness between different elements rather than a linear cause and effect approach and sees patterns of change rather than fixed “snapshots”. In essence it is a view on the “whole picture” (Anderson, R 1994).

Organizations and businesses are now seen as a function of increased specialization. Technology has become the order of the day where more and more businesses are heading towards that direction to have a competitive edge within the industry they best identify with. In light of this, conflicts are sometimes very challenging to comprehend, and theorists have also questioned the nature of the whole system to which all these complicating factors contribute. Many experts and scholars have argued that all these developments are characterized by a Complex Adaptive System (CAS). Most organizations are engulfed in planning activities such as formalized planning sessions that are of a strategic nature by design and to do this; business leaders tend to look for business intelligence, knowledge management and other methods that will enable them to have active planning sessions in real time to match the ever growing system. What then is Complex Adaptive System? To best define CAS, we need to understand what a system is. A system is defined as “an assembly of elements hooked together to produce a whole in which the attributes of the elements contribute to a behavior of the whole” ("Complex Adaptive Systems," n.d.). Examples of systems include the human body, galaxies, ecosystems, airplanes and computers. CAS is the study of natural systems and how they interact, adapt, and survive over time (Evans, 2015). By this definition, it is fair to say that organizations cannot ignore the

General system theory focuses on the interaction or the relationships between components that contribute to the system as a whole.

Moving away from “Mechanistic” metaphor originated from the bureaucratic organizational theories in the early 1920s. Morgan (2006) presents a more biological view of the organization. Described as a living system the “Organism” metaphor is dependent on wider environment and functions. Such organizations are open systems and more inclined to adapt, grow, survive and to meet the needs of organizations to operate more efficiently. The flexibility to change to the best-suited structure also introduced. As organizations tend to appear and thrive in certain environments, the functions are adjusted to establish more orderly and stable environments. In line with Morgan’s “Organism” metaphor (Morgan. 2010), if they do not adapt, organizations become week and die when those needs not met.