The International Monetary Fund (IMF) was one of the many international organizations that emerged after the end of World War II. The primary function of the IMF is to promote the international financial stability and spur monetary cooperation. Many countries see the IMF as a “lender of last resort” (Thacker, 1999:38), meaning countries borrow money from the Fund for “short-term balance of payment support” (Steinwand and Stone, 2007:11) in order to avert the collapse of their domestic economies. Many of the loan programs offered by the IMF are accompanied by the terms commonly known as conditionality. IMF conditionality is a set of intensive fiscal and monetary policy reforms that must be implemented by the borrowing country. An important question often raised in connection with IMF imposed conditionality is whether such programs are effective and they work to enhance the economic situation of the developing country. In this paper, I argue that there are mixed results regarding the IMF program effectiveness, and the success of IMF lending program does depend on domestic factors of the borrowing country.
The effectiveness of IMF lending program has been limited due to various reasons. First, powerful shareholders can defend their allied states from the consequences of their failure to abide by the IMF imposed conditionality (Stone 2008, Steinwand and Stone 2007, Thacker, 1999). Secondly, there is a principle-agent problem with the IMF lending program, often resulting in
An example of the IMF’s ability to promote strong, stable economies is the case of Jordan. In the 1980s the declining oil prices and the related recessions in the Middle Eastern oil exporting countries was disadvantageous to Jordan. In 1989 Jordan had a 30-35 percent unemployment rate and was having a hard time due to their external debt. This led the authorities to request the country’s first arrangement with the IMF. Economic reforms were a part of the agreement between Jordan and the IMF. Jordan agreed to a series of five year reforms financed by the IMF, therefore the government took on huge reforms prioritizing foreign investment and easier trade policies. They were ultimately able to reduce the overall debt payment up to a manageable level. Jordan is currently regarded as a country by which the effectiveness of the IMF assistance is assessed.
During World War II, the Allies sought to reign in some of the chaos of international transactions. Problems, to that point, were myriad; currencies and economies were not well-equipped to handle the rapid globalization that was underway. Little regulation meant ample room for abuse, like aggressive devaluation of a country’s currency, along with the less nefarious but equally damaging shocks in the newly-interconnected markets. “Beggar thy neighbor” policies, most of them ultimately landing on Germany’s doorstep after World War I, played a major part in precipitating World War II.
Gup also uses approaches aimed at narrowing down the scope of his article. He presents aspects of the wider topic about government bailouts and states that his article would not be reviewing those aspects. Gup in his beginning chapters warns the reader that there are also cases where there is the intervention of international bodies such as the International Monetary Fund, such as when the US Treasury and IMF aided Brazil, Mexico, Korea, Brazil, Argentina and other
Bank affects the country of Sierra Leone, it states that the “International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Now lets apply this to underdeveloped poor countries. As the country struggles to get ahead, international lenders drown them in their overwhelming debt, preventing them from every rising to the surface.
2. What opportunities might current IMF lending policies to developing countries create for international businesses?
Belgium, Dominican Republic, and Israel are members of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Trade Organization (WTO) and World Bank. These organizations in their own right are trying to improve the economy by facilitating internationals trading (IMF) , reducing poverty around the world (IMF), ensuring that trading flows smoothly and freely (WTO) and providing financial advice to assist in economic advancement (World Bank). Countries that are members of the IMF, WTO and World Bank, in my opinion believe that working together , following the organizations guidelines, can improve the economy. Belgium works with other international and regional organizations, to encourage economic cooperation and assistance to developing countries. Belgium is a key provider of humanitarian, reconstruction, and development assistance in Africa, Afghanistan, and Syria. Belgium is also the host country of the European Union (EU) and North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and plays an important role in discussions between European foreign ministers and the Secretary of State.
Csáki György (2013): IMF Loans to Hungary, 1996–2008. Published in: Public Finance Quarterly 2013/1 (p. 95-110.)
The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the effects of the rivalry between the International Monetary Fund and the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank on the international financial markets worldwide. I will examine the introduction of the new financial institution (the AIIB) that was initiated by the BRICS countries after their voting share-percentage in the IMF quota reform were unsuitable to their emerging economies. Additionally, I will especially focus on the differences and possible advantages that come with the addition of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank to the financial markets of developing and transitional countries with the objective
Is there any harder job than regulating all of the international markets money? Probably not, the topic being discussed throughout this essay will be the international monetary fund and its involvement in the international market. Much has been said about the I.M.F whether it is positive or negative, neo-Marxist Che Guevara said “The interests of the IMF represent the big international interests that seem to be established and concentrated in Wall Street.” Here he criticizes how the IMF is considered to be run by the United States which occupies a veto power in the decision making at the IMF, this is important to see because it brings up the other side to the IMF, the side that is not so positive and the
In September 23, 2003, the World Bank Group and the Board of Governors of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) meet in Dubai to discuss the work of their respective institutions in international monetary and development issues. This meeting was worth its high expense when the discussion were centered on these institutions ' own reform rather than on how they should intervene in developing countries.
“So Far International Monetary Fund (IMF) Has Been Failed to Curve Corruption, Reduce Public Spending and Develop Macroeconomic Policies.”
Capital control is defined as a type of measure governments can use to regulate and restrict the amount of money flowing from capital markets in order to keep inflation under control while maintaining a competitive real exchange rate. International Monetary Fund (IMF) has been slowly shifting its beliefs to where capital control policies can be deemed useful for countries during a potential crisis. Some countries, especially the developing ones that implemented capital control policies have experienced success in the recovery of the economy upon the face of unfavorable economic conditions. This paper will explore on the cost and benefits of developing countries adopting capital controls during a recession, a case study on Malaysia’s
The Indonesian economic crises that emerged out of the greater Asian Financial Crises of 1997 is often presented as an example of an International Monetary Fund (IMF) project that created problems for the receiving nation. As the video Globalization at a Crossroads stated in its final words, “It supported the case that economic globalization actually increased economic instability.” Indeed, there were immediate, and in some cases, irreversible consequences of the IMF’s intervention into Indonesia’s economy. Examples of negative consequences included riots, massive inflation and contraction in the economy (Shari, 1998). However, through the lens of the current Indonesian economy, almost 20 years later, IMF intervention may have eventually worked as intended, as the country has demonstrated economic stability and growth through several more contemporary economic crises.
International Financial Institutions (IFIs) are the financial institutions that are formed by a number of countries, to help countries from going through global economic crisis or financial turmoil. These IFIs play a predominant role in ensuring that timely help is provided in the form of financial loans and, provide funding for government or private projects. Most importantly IFI’s such as World Bank and International Monetary Fund(IMF) help in providing better social and living conditions to the developing and undeveloped countries by providing long term funding,