Those of us who care about continuing the copyright tradition that regards public access to information as the principal goal of the law are faced with the hard task of searching for and exploring middle-ground scenarios wherein author/publisher interests in receiving compensation can be balanced with user/library interests in having access to information on fair and reasonable terms. Finding and implementing such a balance is all the more challenging in view of the messianic fervor that the Green Paper has engendered in the publishing industry. As we search for middle grounds, it may help to realize new technologies have been disrupting existing equilibria for centuries, yet balanced solutions have been found before. The printing press disrupted the equilibrium of its day. When the first legal regulation of printing proved imbalanced, legislative adjustments achieved a public policy balance that has lasted for a considerable period of time. While the history of copyright reveals many examples of disruptions caused by new technology and the construction of new balanced equilibria, one relatively recent instructive example is that of the cable television industry. When cable technology made it possible to transmit television programming to cable subscribers, owners of programming copyrights sought to stop this retransmission, saying it would be their ruination. Courts, however, found no copyright infringement, saying that passive retransmissions of signals were not “public
Ever consider what came out of the printing press when it became a big impact for people?
helloThrought 1450 when johannes gutenberg created the printing press to , 1500 when the printing press nearly quadrupled across europe (referred to Doc A). The question asked is, Reformation or Exploration which had a bigger impact,
The duration of copyright determines the length of protection. Limitations on this length exist to ensure works enter the public domain. Therefore, the length of protection is one of the most relevant and debated issues regarding copyright law. The proponents and opponents of copyright term extension make compelling arguments, but both sides agree that copyright law should encourage creativity and innovation. If Disney is successful in once again lobbying for an extension of duration, a substantial number of works will fail to enter the public domain in a timely manner. This will, consequently, lead to a stifling of creativity and a suppression of innovation that could be detrimental to progress in the realms of science and the useful arts.
Everyday people read newspapers and books, but where did printing begin? The movable type printing press by Johannes Gutenberg made this all possible. Johannes first conceived of this idea of the printing press in the 15th century in order to speed up the slow process of producing books (Bantwal). The movable type printing press, the first real technology of its kind, helped to solve problems, but in turn also caused problems. This technology did influence many areas of life in its lifespan. This includes challenging the church and poisoning people with the increased toxins from mass products of materials. Depending on one’s point of view, this invention could be the best or worst thing to happen during the 15th century. Regardless of
Electronic media content can be viewed differently according to personal opinions, but the First Amendment Rights of the United States Constitution lay the foundation for the legal system that is to be followed. These rights form a guide that help citizens have a stronger grasp on what is and isn’t acceptable within the eye of the law. Narrowing down to electronic media content, there has been a rise of tension involving first amendment rights of content regulations. The spectrum scarcity rationale has made it possible to control licensing schemes, along with direct content control to make sure rules are being followed according to the First Amendment. The differences between cable TV
The law must come to terms with the difference between artistic intent and economic intent. Artistic freedom is more important for the health of society than the supplemental and extraneous incomes derived from private copyright fees. They create art of police and control, since no matter how the original intent of the copyright laws are, today, they are subverted to censor resented works that suppress the public’s need to reuse and reshape
Copyright is the legal right, to an inventor to perform, print, publish, film, or record artistic, literary, or musical material, and to allow others to do the same. Copyright law was developed to provide the creators and inventors of any works with powerful and effective rights of exclusivity over their creations (Patterson & Lindberg, 1991). Over the past, these rights were almost unlimited. People would use existing developments as if they were their own without any regard of the creator’s exclusive rights. The need to balance and limit such rights arose, and governments established these limits for the general good of the public.
The purpose of the copyright system has always been to promote creativity in society and protect the creators’ interests. In applying copyright laws to any creation, three basic guidelines apply. First is the fair return for a creators labor, second is “Fair Use” of the creators’ labor and finally the Progress of Science and useful Arts to further the public good. The application of these three guidelines in litigation for A&M Records, Inc. v. Napster, found that the rights of reproduction, and distribution had been violated, in effect upholding the copyrights of nineteen different music companies represented under A&M Records name, this ruling had protected the music industries interests. However it would seem that the publishing industry would not be so lucky, litigation in Authors’ Guild vs. Google ruled that Google’s actions constituted fair use. Under these two scenarios’ the copyright laws’ have, effectively, protected the rights of music artists’, protected the public’s right to “fair use” and sparked new opportunities for creative growth. However, lawmakers continue to struggle to define copyright boundaries between the public’s right of use and the creators right to profit from their efforts.
In 1350 the renaissance had begun, it was the time to bring back and restore many things from the past. Many people from the renaissance time tried to make a living on their own by painting and writing books. Although it seemed very hard to spread their ideas around the world but until 1444 their worries began to shrink. A man from Germany named Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press, which made possible for people to have copies of books and letters in much lesser time than they were used to. The invention of the printing press was one of most notable inventions from the last millennium because it brought very important changes and accomplishments in the whole world that we can still
There was a Copyright Act passed in Congress in 1976 aiming at breaking the traditional association of publishers with all works while little recognition is given to the authors. Section 101 has also been amended to allow owners with exclusive rights to reproduce, prepare derivatives from copyrighted work, distribute, perform; display and audialy transmit copyrighted works (School). The authors, publishers and database companies have since tried to settle original copyright infringement by compensating those with registered works of copyright and those whose works had not been registered. There is a contradiction, especially for the second group. Thus, the Supreme Court declined to approve this
Current copyright protection is entitled to provide the essential mechanism for the insurance of the success viability of creative industries by rewarding and incentivising the creators of original works relating to films, music and broadcasts. The Copyright Act 1968 is initially designed to protect although, despite this, the advancement of technology has led to abuse of the Act, subsequently to withhold its dexterity, the Act has required modification, through; case and statute law. While acknowledging this, it must be understood that the codes; Copyright Act 1968 (Cth), Copyright Regulations 1969 (Cth), Copyright Tribunal Procedure Regulations 1969 (Cth) and the Copyright International Protection Regulations 1969 (Cth) are applied automatically once the work has been published in an accessible format; provided that the author/s are current citizens or residents of Australia. Throughout this report, the Copyright Act 1968 will be analysed in depth to provide a detailed understanding of whether it is possible for the law to be proactive with regards to future technologies. In a developing world of rapid changes and advancements in technology and human behaviour, there is no specific measure that can completely eliminate online copyright infringement.
The advent of the printing press around 1440 took away the power of the Church over the mostly illiterate masses. The printing press imbued mass communication across Europe and there was a sharp increase in literacy, whereas previously the clergy and religious figures were the only ones able to read and write. By introducing text to the lower classes, social structure was permanently changed with the circulation of new ideas; the lower classes could now read and write, and spread ideas of their own instead of just passively absorbing ideas sent out by the Church (Arthur, 2004). By allowing the spread of new ideas, the printing press helped develop a growing middle class.
Identify and discuss these copyright challenges in the modern digital economy using examples from case law.
The printing press was a major invention that was made by a German goldsmith named Johann Gutenberg in 1450. One of the most famous manuscripts, the Gutenberg Bible, was the first manuscript produced by the press. Another invention that changed the world was the internet and computer. The internet was made in 1983 by Robert E. Kahn and Vincent Erff and the computer was made by German Konrad Zuse in 1936-1938. Similar to the extent of the influence of the printing press one hundred years earlier, the internet and the computer have had a large impact on the world. They provide more intellectual knowledge, which increases the economy and spreads social communication around the world. All of which changed how people saw these inventions in a more
An impressive push to extend intellectual property by the entertainment industry may result in the development of new technologies and revolution in the way people watch TV, access information at home, experience interactive TV. But at what cost?