The Main Threats That Business Leaders Within The 21st Century

The word Governance is derived from ‘gubernate’, meaning to steer. Corporate governance would mean to steer an organization in the desired direction. The responsibility to steer lies with the top and the middle level of management. Governance, in simple terms, means administering the processes and systems placed for satisfying stakeholder expectation. When combined Corporate Governance means a set of systems procedures, policies, practices, standards put in place by a corporate to ensure that relationship with various stakeholders is maintained in

Corporate governance is a set of actions used to handle the relationship between stakeholders by determining and controlling the strategic direction and performance of the organization. Corporate governance major concern is making sure that the strategic decisions are effective and that it paves the way towards strategic competitiveness. (Hitt, Ireland, Hoskisson, 2017, p. 310). In today’s corporation, the primary objective of corporate governance is to align top-level manager’s and stakeholders interest. That is why corporate governance is involved when there is a conflict of interest between with the owners, managers, and members of the board of directors (Hitt, Ireland, Hoskisson, 2017, p. 310-311).

Corporate governance in itself has no single definition but common principles which it should follow. For example in 1994 the most agreed term for corporate governance was “the process of supervision and control intended to ensure that the company’s management acts in accordance with the interest of shareholders” (Parkinson, 1994)1. Corporate governance code is not a direct set of rules but a self-regulated framework which businesses choose to follow. This code has continued to change in the past 20 years in accordance with what is happening in the business world. For example the Enron scandal caused reform in corporate governance with the Higgs Report which corrected the issues which were necessary. Although it does not quickly fix problems, it gives a better framework to

Presently, corporate governance is an evolving concept as such there is no fixed definition. However, corporate governance has been defined as, “the system by which companies are directed and controlled.” (The Report of the Cadbury Committee on The Financial Aspects of Corporate Governance: The Code of Best Practice 1993)

According to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), corporate stakeholders have a very important role, not only within the business for the community as well. "Good corporate governance helps...to ensure that corporations take into account the interests of a wide range of constituencies, as well as the communities within which they operate, and that their boards are accountable to the company and the shareholders. This, in turn, helps to assure that corporations operate for the benefit of society as a whole" (1999).

The relationship among the many stakeholders and the way an organization is directed and governed is therefore created. Stakeholders might include customers, employees, creditors, suppliers and distributors, the community and the owners at large. The principle stakeholders are the board of directors, managements and employees. The first model of government and non-profit implementation often involves three groups: - executive board, supervisory board, and advisory board whose are appointed by shareholders to run the organization except the last group are bought in as independent experts to assist the company. Hence, what are good practices of corporate governance? How to ensure the directors act in the interests of the public?

This separation of the owners and managers of the business is the central reason for the existence of what is now referred to as corporate governance. As discussed by Smith (Smith, 1776), Berle (Berle, 1932) and Tricker (Tricker, 2012), this created several differing schools of thought. Concepts now referred to as agency, stewardship, resource dependence and enlightened stakeholder theories combined with ideas such as managerial and class hegemony and evolving social stakeholder philosophies will form the basis of our review into the abilities of boards to act in a self-regulating manner. This paper will explore each of these in an attempt to discern if a pattern either has or is likely to emerge that enables boards to form a self-regulating social system.

Throughout the semester we have touched on a multitude of different issues in Global Business. From monetary systems and how they have changed over time, to how different regions of the world have produced diverse cultural preferences. Even after touching on as interesting topics as these, nothing has come close to the intrigue of Government and how they can affect business in many ways. The many different ways that government can intervene in a business, affect import/export numbers via taxation, and much more will be discussed in the following paragraphs. The underlying question that this paper will answer is, how do the actions of the United States and United Kingdom affect global businesses.

Every business’s goal is to maximise profit, generate more revenue and increase customer satisfaction. Although to achieve these goals could be changing, barriers from the economic conditions, government and competition has increased the difficulties. Governments and businesses are interdependent, the interdependence will grow further by globalisation of the economy when it comes to international business. Mamman (2004) states: “One of the manifestations of globalisation is the blurring of political and economic boundaries and the diminishing traditional role of national governments.” The role of government has always been an important factor in business, they create rules and frameworks that let businesses compete against each other. Business is affected by the government policy, the rules and frameworks can force them to change the way how they operate. The policies of the government can have implications. For example the requirements of licensing, other permissions, regulations, taxation and formalities. All these restrictions have a direct impact on doing business.

A decade ago, the term 'corporate governance' was barely heard. Today, it's like climate change and private equity, corporate governance is a staple of everyday business language and capital markets are better for it (ASX 2010). Therefore, corporate governance can be defined as a term that refers broadly to the rules, processes, or laws by which businesses are managed, regulated, and controlled. The term can refer to internal factors defined by the officers, stockholders or constitution of a corporation, as well as to external forces such as consumer groups, clients, and government regulations (Farrar, 2009).

In other words, corporate governance is the acceptance by management of the inalienable rights of shareholders as the true owners of the corporation and of their own role as trustees on behalf of the shareholders. It deals with conducting the affairs of a company such that there is fairness to all stakeholders and that its actions benefit the greatest number of stakeholders. In this regard, the management needs to prevent asymmetry of benefits between various sections of shareholders, especially between the owner, managers and the rest of the shareholders.

Corporate governance is concerned with ways in which all parties interested in the well-being of the firm (the stakeholders) attempt to ensure that managers and other insiders take measures or adopt mechanisms that safeguard the interests of the stakeholders. Such measures are necessitated by the separation of ownership from management, an increasingly vital feature of the modern firm. A typical firm is characterized by numerous owners having no management function, and managers with no equity interest in the firm. Shareholders, or owners of equity, are generally large in number, and an average shareholder controls a minute proportion of the

In recent times, corporate governance has attracted much attention both in academic literature and press media. Corporate Governance is related to effective, transparent and accountable administration of affairs of an institution by its management, while protecting the interest of its stakeholders comprising of the shareholders, creditors, regulators and the public at large. But the implementation of Corporate Governance principles is not an easy task. It is a very wide subject and needs a lot of discussion.

THE POLITICAL ENVIRONMENT: The critical concern Political environment has a very important impact on every business operation no matter what its size, its area of operation. Whether the company is domestic, national, international, large or small political factors of the country it is located in will have an impact on it. And the most crucial & unavoidable realities of international business are that both host and home governments are integral partners. Reflected in its policies and attitudes toward business are a governments idea of how best to promote the national interest, considering its own resources and political philosophy. A government control's and restricts a company's

Corporate Governance refers to the way a corporation is governed. It is the technique by which companies are directed and managed. It means carrying the business as per the stakeholders’ desires. It is actually conducted by the board of Directors and the concerned committees for the company’s stakeholder’s benefit. It is all about balancing individual and societal goals, as well as, economic and social goals. Corporate Governance is the interaction between various participants (shareholders, board of directors, and company’s management) in shaping corporation’s performance and the way it is proceeding towards. The relationship between the owners and the managers in an organization must be healthy and there should be no conflict between the