Q: 1 (a) explain the data encapsulation process in the OSI reference model inn a data communication network.
Ans:- The way toward going data through the layers of the OSI is called epitome. A convention information unit is a parcel of data made by a PC and go starting with one layer of the OSI then onto the next.
b). identify the advantages of layered approach of OSI reference model.
1) It is really non-specific model which is considered as a standard model.
2) It backings association situated and also connectionless administrations.
3) This layer takes after reflection rule that is change in one layer does not affect much on other layer.
4) It is more secure and versatile than having all administrations packaged in a solitary layer.
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ARP: - : stands for address resolution protocol and it helps to find the hardware address of a host from its recognised ip address. IT facilitates data exchange between computers on the same network. It is only used for one address request at a time. It operates as a interface between network and data link layer. DNS: - : stands for domain Name Server. It converts more readily learnt domain names to the numerical IP address required for the purpose of finding and classifying computer amenities and devices with the essential network protocols. This is used to resolve human readable hostname like www.google.com.
Q.2
A). explain broadcast domain and collision domain with an example.
BROADCAST DOMAIN: Broadcast spaces have a place with an arrangement of gadgets in a similar IP system and works at layer three of the OSI show. That communicate message goes to each PC and system gadget in the communicate area. Regardless of what number of hosts or gadgets are associated together, in the event that they are associated with a repeater, center point, switch or extension, every one of these gadgets are in ONE Broadcast domain.
Collision domain- is a piece of a network connected by common medium through repeaters where data packets can crash with one another by being sent. It occur when more than one device efforts to send a packet on a network section at the similar time. Commonly we call media as shared
2. Collision domain (43): the set of devices whose frames could collide; switches increase the size and number of collision domains
DHCP (Dynamic Host Control Protocol): Stand alone network service used to assign the ip address and other related configuration automatically.
When you type in a web address, e.g.www.google.com. DNS associates with the domain name, translates into IP address (for example 192.168.154.70 is the IP for google.com) and directs your Internet connection to the correct website.
Ans: Before establishing a neighbor relationship, OSPF routers need to go through several state changes. These states are explained as below.
2. The OSI model is not directly implemented in networking and often the distinction between the layers will blur in implementation. Why does it endure despite these
A communications protocol characterizes the guidelines for sending pieces of information starting with one hub in a system then onto the next hub. Conventions are regularly characterized in a layered way and give all or part of the administrations indicated by a layer of the OSI reference show. A convention characterizes the operation of the convention and may likewise propose how the convention ought to be actualized. It comprises of three sections:
The OSI Model is a model is used to define how data is theoretically passed on a network. Each layer is responsible and has its own duties for a network. The name of layer 3 in the OSI is the Network Layer. This layer is responsible for creating the paths for the transmission of data across the network. This layer provides routing and switching capabilities, as well as, internetworking, congestion control, and packet sequencing (Beal, 1999).
The fifth layer is the session layer this establishes a connection,this layer makes and sets up the connection using co ordinates and could terminate conversations links. the session layer produces services that make authentication after an interruption and not only that but it can reconnect.and as well as the transporting layer it can also have the TCP and the UDP can provide services for all most all applications.An application layer is an abstraction layer that specifies the shared protocols and interface methods used by hosts in a communications network. The application layer abstraction is used in both of the standard models of computer networking; the Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) and the Open Systems Interconnection model (OSI model).Although both models use the same term for their respective highest level layer, the detailed definitions and purposes are different.In TCP/IP, the application layer contains the communications protocols and interface methods used in process-to-process communications
It is operating on best effort delivery model, i.e. it does not guarantee delivery, nor does it assure proper sequencing or avoidance of duplicate delivery. These aspects, including data integrity, are addressed by an upper layer transport protocol, such as the Transmission
As we all know, the growth of computer networks continues to rapidly grow. The digital revolution has changed the way we work and communicate almost beyond recognition. Provided that, foreseeing the changes and potential compatibility problems, in the mid nineteen eighties, the international standard organization (ISO) developed a networking reference model to standardize how network systems communicate with each other. It is a logical model for how network systems are supposed to communicate with each other. It breaks down the different components of the network communication and puts them into layers which reduce complexity. This reference model consists of seven layers: Application Layer, Presentation Layer, Session Layer, Transport Layer, Network Layer, Data Link Layer, and the Physical Layer. Each layer provides a service to the layer above it in the protocol specification and then communicates with the same layer’s software or hardware on other computers. It's important to realize, that these layers are separated into 2 sets: Transportation Set (Laters 1- 4) and Application Set (Layers 5 – 7). More importantly, the OSI model is 7 logical
A: OSI stands for Open System Interconnection. The main aim of the OSI layer is to implement protocols of a networking framework.
When used by two or more people it is sometimes called a home area network(HAN)
The application layer: this layer allows different applications to communicate with each other’s. In order to exchange different data over the network connection, the protocols included in this layer set up the standards such as DNS, HTTP, FTP. The data coded in this layer will be encapsulated to transport layer for further packing.
A given layer in the OSI model generally communicates with three other OSI layers: the layer directly above it, the layer directly below it, and its peer layer in other networked computer systems. The data link layer in System A, for example, communicates with the network layer of System A, the physical layer of System A, and the data link layer in System B. The following figure illustrates this example.
Well-known communications protocols are Ethernet, a hardware and Link standard that is ubiquitous in local area networks, and the Internet Protocol Suite, which defines a set of protocols for internetworking, i.e. for data communication between multiple networks, as well as host-to-host data transfer, and application-specific data transmission formats.