2.2 Aquaculture Planning and Management
Aquaculture is the farming of aquatic organisms such as fish, molluscs (shellfish), crustaceans and marine plants, and involves practices such as regular stocking, feeding, and/or protecting stock from predators. Aquaculture takes place in inland, marine and coastal settings using a variety of methods, including raceways, cages, ponds, tanks, ropes, rafts and racks (FAO, 2012).
Aquaculture management entails the making of management decisions such as what, where, when and how to produce, in addition to the execution of such decisions (Jhingran, 1987). In China and Socialist countries of Europe which account for a high proportion of present day aquaculture production of the world, fish culture are prepared in state farms, communes or through
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(2003) found that acceptance of aquaculture activities was greater where socioeconomic benefits were perceived to be high and there was a lower incidence of concerns about environmental pollution from the industry. Women, community groups (particularly those with conservation interests), ecotourism industries, some researchers, local governments, some state agency staff and informed members of the general public were more likely to focus on aquaculture’s negative (environmental, economic and social) risks and seek improvements in aquaculture planning and management to substantially reduce those risks ( Nicole et al; 2008)
Local, regional and national studies have examined perceptions of the industry’s sustainability, how communities value the industry and appropriate institutional responses to the industry’s challenges in Australia, Canada, Europe, Mexico and the United States. One study in the United States and two in Australia suggested that parts of society view the industry’s environmental sustainability favourably, although there was low awareness of some of the environmental issues challenging the industry (Blackstone 2001; Aslin and Byron 2003; Mazur et al.
practice in the fish industry and provides a method of standardization for something as subjective
One of the most commonly shared beliefs about aquaculture is that it has potential to amplify and transfer disease/parasites to wild fish populations, but strict management practices and guidelines have been utilized and supplemented to ensure that US farming operations mitigate current and potential environmental risks associated with aquaculture (NOAA, 2015). Among these practices are regular diver-led inspections to investigate the integrity of nets and net infrastructure, surveillance cameras and even public webcam feeds that monitor the fish farms and in particular monitor efficient use of feed, regular health inspections in efforts to have a head start on disease prevention and detection, and “comprehensive sanitary and biosecurity programs to prevent the introduction and/or spread of pests or diseases from one farm site/cage to another or into the environment.” (NOAA, 2015). Additionally, movements are being made to stop the spreading of disease and to limit oceanic pollution by containing salmon in solid tanks rather than in netting. “In Washington State, Domsea Farms has launched a land-based, freshwater system to produce coho salmon.” (David Suzuki Foundation, n.d.) This method is not only environmentally sound, but it opens up aquacultural boundaries. By containing fish in these large tanks, there is potential for salmon aquaculture to
Aquaculture can be defined as farming of aquatic organisms such as fish, crustaceans, molluscs and aquatic plants both in freshwater and saltwater. It has a wide range of ownerships from small family business to multimillionaire global industries.1It provides many job opportunities throughout the world. As an example Canadian aquaculture industry valued $ 5 billion Canadian dollars provides more than 130 000 jobs only in Canada.2Accelerated growth of aquaculture causes series of problems to both human health and environment.3Most bacterial species resides both in animals and well as in human will pathogenic to both. transfer of pathogens between the two host species is a common situation for most organisms.4 Most of the developing country aquatic farms are non-hygienic and stressful. This will lead to an increase of bacterial infection among most aquatic species. As a preventative and curative method farmers mix a huge amount of antimicrobial products with the aquatic feed.5 Since aquaculture is a global industry, Implemented laws and regulations are different from country to country. It is very difficult to implement global regulations relating to antimicrobial use.1
I strive to find a more sustainable alternative to wild caught fish and crustaceans without having to compromise on the quality or taste of the animal. If achieved, this could take pressure of the wild stocks of fish. My end goal in pursuing this graduate degree is to start my own aquaculture farm in South Florida. South Florida has a few key attributes that allow for the success of aquaculture production. The peninsular shape of Florida allows seawater to penetrate the southern tip of the Florida aquifer allowing the farmers easy access to high quality seawater. Also, being surrounded by water on three sides, the people of Florida are accustomed to eaten fresh, high quality seafood. Unfortunately, over the last few years there has been an influx of foreign farmed raised fish that now make up almost 50% of the market for seafood in the US. The problem is the regulations overseas are no where near as stringent as they are in the US, making it difficult to determine what type of fish as well as what antibiotics or other chemicals could be contaminating the fish. Finally, the environmental sustainability of many of the overseas aquaculture operations is questionable at best. All these issues can be corrected by moving the operations to the US. This degree would allow me to gain the knowledge and expertise required to open my own business. I think there
• fish are a good source of nutritious food because they provide a high source of
“Seafood is a good example. All the seafood we source here is sustainable, such as salmon and cod. We’ve also, however, started to work with local fisherman to use underutilized fish. That is, buying fish that would otherwise be considered by catch and never brought to market. So, for instance, redfish or pollock. We’re introducing students to these fish in order to make them more acceptable and mainstream.”
Planet Shrimp wants to use ‘clean’ shrimp as their main point of differentiation, highlighting their closed-loop aquaculture process that does not involve toxins and ensures environmental sustainability throughout. As consumers are continually concerned about knowing where their food comes from, the safety of their food and price point, Planet Shrimp should understand how to educate the public about the ‘clean’ shrimp movement (The Canadian Press, 2014a). To achieve this, Planet Shrimp must answer the question:
~The aquaculture industry generates over $1 billion in GDP and 14,000 job opportunities in direct and indirect
Overfishing’s status as the focus of public concern mainly results from its negligible but harmful influence on individuals, collective, and even the whole world. One of the world’s significant fishery in the East China Sea is damage by overfishing and growing levels of contamination, recent research has shown, confirming the fear of fishermen and environmentalists. (Xinhua on GOV, Lu Hui, ed. 16
Another global effect of overfishing is fish farming or aquaculture. It was first started to help preserve the ocean and hoped to help people to obtain a reliable fish source. Unfortunately, what many came to realize is the downside of fish farming. One example is water contamination, where consequently waste products such as foods eaten, feces and other dead fish, are all dumped into our main water supply which contributes to water pollution. Moreover, chemicals that are used to treat the fish farms like antibiotics and algaecides are all released into the ocean; which is a real cause for concern for our oceans. Fish that come from the fish farms are pumped full of drugs, to prevent sickness in the fish but this is not healthy for us to eat. There is also a great environmental impact which includes the fact that to sustain fish farms, portions of
Over the past few decades, sustainable business practices have become more prevalent and required in corporations. Australian organisations are required to be responsible for being sustainable socially, economically and environmentally, here we focus on the environmental factors. Australia’s government is constantly coming up
In order for there to be plenty of fish in the years ahead, fisheries will have to develop sustainable fisheries and some will have to close. Due to the constant increase in the human population, the oceans have been overfished with a resulting decline of fish crucial to the economy and communities of the world. The control of the world's fisheries is a controversial subject, as they cannot produce enough to satisfy the demand, especially when there aren't enough fish left to breed in healthy ecosystems. Scientists are often in the role of fisheries managers and must regulate the amount of fishing in the oceans, a position not popular with those who have to make a living fishing ever decreasing populations.
According to the United Nations, 17% of fish stocks worldwide are currently overexploited; 52% are fully exploited; and 7% are depleted. This means that only an estimated 20% of worldwide fish stocks are not already at or above their capacity(Seafarms, 2013). Catches of Pacific herring have decreased by 71% since the 1960s, with Atlantic herring catches falling by 63%. Atlantic Cod catches have fallen by 69% in the same time(Seafarms, 2013). These are just a few of many facts and statistics on the topic of overfishing. The effects of these statistics and facts impact people’s and animal's lives around the
In today’s global economy sustainability is very important; from the biological aspect to the industries they all play a role on the marine environment. As world population increases the demand of fish rises causing overfishing. Certain laws have been placed to limit the amount of wild fishing to reduce the risk of endangerment. To meet the demand of the population, fish farms are introduced. Pollution and health related issues are part of the challenges of fish farming. Sustainability also affects social areas such as beaches.
REVIEW NOTE ON THE APPLICATION OF METAGENOMICS IN EMERGING AQUACULTURE SYSTEMS AND AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH MANAGEMENT