The Rules Of Finance : An Optimal Enterprise Solutions That Balance Expected Return And Expected Risk

The strategies which are used by this company are not advantageous in the sense that most of the corporate debts in the organization usually carry considerable amounts of higher yields. Producing above average returns in the organization, with risk set a lower level than the normal risks would be an appropriate strategy which has to be used.

Fathi, S, Zarei, F & Esfahani, SS 2012, ‘Studying the Role of Financial Risk Management on Return on Equity’, International Journal of Business and Management, vol. 7, no. 9, pp. 215- 221.

Financial theory accepts the belief that a share’s return should be proportional to the risk received by its holder. There is a need of a risk-return equilibrium model. Since the nativity of the efficient market hypothesis (EMH), an equilibrium model was only the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM). The CAPM constitutes of two types of returns, the risk free rate of returns of the Treasury bills and beta times the return on the market portfolio. The following equation is the basis of this model:

Profit maximization : The main objective of financial management is profit maximization. The finance manager tries to earn maximum profits for the company in the short-term and the long-term. He cannot guarantee profits in the long term because of business uncertainties. However, a company can earn maximum profits even in the long-term, if:-

A realized return is the amount of actual gains that is made on the value of a portfolio over a specific evaluation period. This takes into consideration any earnings generated by each of the assets contained in the portfolio, as well as any losses that were incurred as a result of a shift in the value of the individual assets. It is possible to identify the realized return associated with each asset that is held in the portfolio. Components of realized return are expected return, changes in expectations about future cash flows and changes in expectations about future discount rate. Employing the calculation of realized return helps an investor make decisions about what assets to

Risk and return are the fundamental basis upon which investors make their decision whether or not they should invest in a particular investment. How they are related and the influence between the two, is the decision making process that all investors must weigh up. This essay will show how risk can influence risk premium, outlining their relationship and how risk and return are related.

Generally higher risk investments offer the highest return and vice versa. A long term objective for investing in the share market is capital growth, shares are sold at higher price than the purchase price for a profit, referred to as capital gain.

Is one of the important objective of finance. This objective aims at increasing profitability of the concern. To increase profitability sufficient funds will have to be invested. The finance function should be so planned that the concern neither suffers from inadequacy of funds nor surplus of funds then required. The cost of acquiring funds should be such that it results in maximum

Investors always seek for a way that they can get back greatest return while enjoying minimized risk. Instead of investing in a single asset, holding a portfolio is obviously less risky. However, how to select the best portfolio among tens of thousands of assets in today’s financial market? The stringent need of investors promote the raising of modern portfolio theory. In 1952, Harry Markowitz [1] established the fundamental model of modern portfolio theory: the Markowitz model, also called the mean-variance model. This model aimed to achieve a tradeoff between the expected return and the risk of return. As shown in Figure 1, among all efficient portfolios, the efficient frontier consisted of all those with highest return at each given risk level. C_1,C_2,and C_3 were the investors indifference curves which showed that traders prefer portfolios with high return or low risk. The tangent point R of the highest indifference curve and the efficient frontier gave the optimized portfolio.

Collecting, analysing and interpreting financial data has always been the important objectives of the members in the financial markets, ranging from governments, big time billionaire corporations to even the small individual financial analysts. This is because by gaining a keen understanding of the current financial situation in the market, another objective can be pursued, which is forecasting. One of such forecast is regarding investor expectations in the market. Investors often refer to individuals who commits money to investment products with the expectation of financial return. Since most investors become the main pillars of finance for corporations, by gaining an understanding of

It could be definitely true that most of the investors who live in the highly competitive world of finance want to make more profit on their stocks, bonds and securities and increase their income by buying and selling those financial assets in today’s financial market place. In other words, every rational investor will try to increase and maximize his or her financial benefits and returns on capital investment. Moreover, in a study Elton et al. (2004) state that the model of classical financial theory presumes the fact that investors who work in a competitive market come to a rational decision. However, the major problem might be to determine the value of those financial instruments.

Financial Management usually involves the process of planning, organizing and controlling the financial activities of any enterprise to achieve the goals and objectives in financial terms of that enterprise. The main objectives of financial management would be to create wealth for the business in terms of movable cash for the organization and to ensure that the target return in investments is meet at all times. The three key elements in financial management in simple terms may be put as a three step continuous process involving financial planning, financial control and financial decision-making. In this post, we will discuss the types of company ownerships, the objectives and the derivatives.

Jonathan and Peter use a lot of mathematical inference to analysis the stock return from one year to many years, which is called the dividend-discount model. Besides, the dividend growth is also considered in which forms the constant dividend growth model finally. From these formulas, it can be easily observed that the expect return of a security is a function about the dividend yield ( ).

Whenever the idea of investment comes, one of the first questions that pop in our mind is whether it would reap good returns or not. Then we proceed on to probe on the risks involved, investment tenure and other prerequisites before actually investing.

Capital asset pricing model is a model, which was introduced in order to understand the relationship between the risk and the investment that is made. What businesspersons or investors tends to do is make return of their investment fairly equally with return of the risk that has been taken on their part. They want to be compensated for the risk they have taken with their investment. At this point, the time value of money is of great importance since it describes what the investment's value will be after the prescribed years from now (Korajczyk, 1999). This model explains how much of the return will be received by taking the risk and what are the chances that the return on investment compensates. Though its tests are difficult to be employed, results may differ or sometimes may come out as wrong assumptions and calculations. Every investment induces risk when it takes place and if the resulting conclusions propose that the return on investment and risk will not be made as desired then the investment