The Types Of Batesian Mimicry : Characteristics And Stereotypes

The common cuckoo can be recognized by its soft, two-note call: “cuc-koo, cuc-koo.” This gentle song may make the bird seem innocent. However, the cuckoo is guilty of using a few cunning schemes to advance its own interests. Specifically, cuckoo birds employ a technique known as mimicry. This means that they copy the physical, and behavioral patterns of other animals to improve their own chances at survival. Thanks to these wily tricks, common cuckoos have managed to thrive in many parts of the world.

     The monarch butterfly, as known as Danaus plexippus, is often called the milkweed butterfly because its larvae eat the milkweed plant. They are also sometimes called "royalty butterflies" because their family name comes from the daughter of Danaus, ruler of Argos. There are many other interesting facts about this butterfly including its anatomy and life cycle, where the butterfly lies on the food chain, the migration from Canada to Mexico, why the butterfly is being threatened, and lastly, what is being done to help the butterfly.

The Monarch Butterfly’s life cycle has four stages, it begins with the egg, the caterpillar, the pupa, and then it emerges into an Adult butterfly.The female adult monarch butterfly mates with a male butterfly, and later lays its eggs specifically on a milkweed plant. After the eggs hatch, they turn into larva. The larva then spins a silky mat which turns into a chrysalis. Finally, the larva merges into an adult monarch butterfly.

Brood parasitism is a unique behavior performed by some species that tricks another host species into raising its young. This is a fairly common behavior among the Cuculidae family of which 53 of the 136 species perform brood parasitism. My question and what I hope to review within this paper is, what has caused brood parasitism, what has shaped it, and what are the adaptive values of Cuckoo brood parasitism? Within Cuckoo’s, this strange behavior has ultimately been shaped through environmental pressures and has become advantageous. Ecological changes forced Cuckoo’s to change migrational patterns, habitat, range size, and foraging, which lead to brood parasitism. Once brood parasitism arose, a coevolutionary arms race began between the Cuckoo’s and hosts. Due to parasitic egg rejections, Cuckoo eggs that closely resembled host eggs were selected for, leading to higher success rates of the behavior. This gives Cuckoo’s many advantageous’, as there is no longer a need for investing time and energy into raising their young. Brood parasitism also gives Cuckoo’s the advantage of exploiting diverse breeding habitats; reduced diet restraints, and foraging. Ultimately this behavior provides many benefits to Cuckoos and allows them successfully raise young while providing no parental care.

In insect species with indirect sperm transfer, sperm is packed in a spermatophore that is either externally attached to the female 's genital opening or introduced into her bursa copulatrix. Sperm transfer is not immediate in these species, and consequently mate guarding has been suggested to function as a mechanism of guarding sperm until it is released from the spermatophore into the female (i.e. spermatophore guarding). Spermatophore guarding is relatively common in insect species with external spermatophores (e.g. Orthoptera; Alcock 1994; Simmons 2001), but supposedly absent in species with internal spermatophores and rapid sperm release (Simmons 2001). This study focuses on two hypothesis associated with mate guarding a tactic of many species that adjust their reproductive behaviour according to the apparent risk of sperm competition. The phenomenon of mate guard to consider sperm competition levels and evolution of internal spermatophore guard is wide spread in insects and other animals. We analyse two hypothesis one the rival exclusion followed by the next spermatophore renewal hypothesis. Results showed that as rival was introduced to the arena of mating of the distinctive original male (guard) in many cases showed a strong aggressive behaviour regardless of whether successively avert the rival. In the second hypothesis certainly majority of the incidents showed an attempt of

The emperor moth, or Saturnia pavonia, is a species of moth most notable for its beautiful collection of four eyespots on its wings; two on its front wings and two on its back wings. Because the eyespots are so visible and prominent on the wings of the moth, it can be proposed that this trait was adapted by the moth to increase its chances of viability by intimidating or confusing predators, compared to the common heath moth Ematurga atomaria which is a simple brown or grey colour (i.e. no eyespots). Eyespots on an organism is an example of mimicry – when an organism evolves a specific trait that is similar to a different organism (usually a predator), which in turn can help to improve its chances of survival. The theory behind mimicry proposes that the certain traits that a species adapts (in this case, eyespots), appear as confusing to predators, therefore hindering the predator’s ability to accurately perceive the identity of the species which allows said species even the slightest chance to escape from harm’s way (Howse 2013). There is also proof that large eyespots, such as those on the Saturnia pavonia, are beneficial to the organism because they are visibly similar to the eyes of predators such as owls (Howse 2013). The results from one experiment conducted by Blest (1957) studied the number of averted attacks by birds on a butterfly with eyespots compared to the number of averted attacks on a butterfly with the eyespots concealed from rubbing the wings (Stevens).

This online article provides useful information concerning the major classifications of nymphs. It clearly explains the two general groups nymphs can be divided into and thus provides insight into more basic knowledge about nymphs. This article on Tribunes and Triumphs sums up smaller divisions of nymphs as well. Although this article went abnormally in depth concerning nymph classification, the overall idea expressed in the article provided useful information,

Pleasants' and Oberhausen’s abstract is divided further into four parts, the first of which states, “The size of the Mexican overwintering population of monarch butterflies has decreased over the last decade,” (10). That same point continues to discuss the reasons for the monarch population decrease, including

Over the years, the male population of the blue moon butterfly has increased to nearly forty percent and this is all due to evolution. (Sherriff 2007).

Accepted animal mating theory suggests that females tend to select more “attractive” males as their breeding partners. In the case of Túngara frogs from Central America, male “attractiveness” is generally dictated by vocal ability and the size of their vocal sacs. However, a new study reveals that all hope is not lost for males with less desirable songs, thanks to the “decoy” effect.

Norman Bates (Anthony Perkins) kills Marion Crane (Janet Leigh). Marion who wanted to lead a happy family life with her boy friend Sam Loomis (John Gavin) after marriage and hence steals money and flees Phoenix and becomes a prey for the psychopath Norman Bates. Norman Bates overpowered by his dead mother’s personality kills the woman who comes in between the relationship with his mother. Norman has no other motive. Only his frustrated sexuality when he meets a woman can be the motive. As the case of a split personality syndrome Norman takes the role of his dead mother, and targets those women who come to his motel. Possessed by his mother, he dresses like her and here he slashes Marion on the shower. When Lila Crane (Vera Miles) along with Sam comes in search of

The life cycle of a monarch battleflies is divided in four stages. This stages are egg, caterpillar, pupa and adult. In stage one female monarch lay their egg in the bottom of the leaf near the top of the plan. Eggs hatch about four days after they are lay. Each egg is surrounded by a hard outer shell, called a chorion to protect the developing larva. In stage two the egg hatches into a Caterpillar. They start their life by eating their eggshells, then move into their host plant. During this stage the caterpillar eat a lot when it became too big for it skin, it molts oxin in the milkweed that they eat. After the caterpillar has eaten enough monarch larvae spin a silk mat from which they hang upside down. The entire larval stage in monarchs

In the natural world, the animal’s survival is based on the premise of how well they adapt in a particular environment and form relationships with other species. Animals have survived for thousands of years, because of this focused reasoning. Success is accredited to the outsmarting of adversaries by several known strategic techniques, such as camouflage, deceptive markings, warning coloration, and chemical defense, but the most intriguing is mimicry. Camouflage and mimicry are defined by Peter Forbes as “the resemblance that one life-form has either to another or to a part of the environment ̶ have some special features which make them ideal for studying evolution in action.” Scientific studies began in the nineteenth century when some of the greatest

This study’s purpose was to learn and investigate the different aspects of Batesian mimicry, learn bird species common to the area, their different foraging behaviors, and investigate if a modification to their foraging behaviors can be implemented through learning. We will also measure the

Deceit in orchids have proved advantageous in floral and species diversification. The article,”Orchid diversity; an evolutionary consequence of deception?” was written by Salvatore Cozzollino and Alex Widmer. In this article they discuss two types of deceptions in orchids: food deception and sexual deception. These methods of deception, which are used for pollination, have proved successful where there are pollinator limitations. However, where there are successes there are also consequences. Some factors that orchid deception effects are: mating systems, the evolution of reproductive isolation, and the evolution of speciation. To understand these consequences is to better understand how these deceptive orchids have become successful.