Research Paper On Infertility

Therapeutic cloning, what is it? Some might think it involves the cloning of a human being. In actuality, it refers to the removal of a nucleus, which contains the genetic material, from virtually any cell of the body and its transfer by injection into an egg (acquired from female) that is not fertilized and from which the nucleus has been removed. Therapeutic cloning can also be referred to somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). To perform SCNT researchers extract the nucleus from the egg, the nucleus stores all the genetic information for any living subject. Then researches take a somatic cell, which is any type of cell that is not a gamete, and extract its nucleus from the cell.

CBS News estimates that there are approximately 12 million infertile americans, but according to scientists, cloning may very likely become the next big solution to infertility. The type is referred to as reproductive cloning and is a term used to describe the process of making an identical copy of a person, creating a new human being with the same DNA as an existing person. So far it has not been allowed in humans, but it has been used experimentally with many animals, and the first successful case, as aforementioned, was of Dolly the sheep back in 1996. However, Couples who cannot conceive naturally turn to fertility treatments and other procedures for help. Some couples who can produce eggs and sperm are able to conceive this way. However, reproductive cloning can provide another option for those who want children but cannot produce eggs or sperm. The process of reproductive cloning can create a genetically related child for the couple. The child produced by cloning would be the genetic duplicate of one of the parents. Through this process, a cell is taken form the patient, the nucleus is removed and is put into an empty egg. Then the formed an embryyo is implanted into a woman’s uterus, and it will then grow like any normal pregnancy. Any extra embryos could also be immediately frozen for future attempts at pregnancy. Dr. Mark Sauer, an infertility expert at Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center in New York, hopes

Making big choices in life can be difficult, especially if that big choice is having children. There are many men and women who are infertile that still want to have children. Most decide to adopt other children who do not have families or their families do not want them. But when adoption is not an option, there is now a way where those men and women can have their own children together through fertility treatments. Fertility treatments could be a good thing:being able to freeze egg and sperm, they can help infertile couples, and avoiding transmitted diseases would be easier.

Reproductive cloning is cloning a whole organism such as a whole cow, cat, dog, human, and so on. According to the article “Reproductive Cloning Arguments Pro and Con”, it states “At least 95% of mammalian cloning experiments have resulted in failures…” This percentage is extremely high. Therefore; this proves that therapeutic cloning is much safer than reproductive cloning reason being is that it does not have high percentage failures like reproductive. Every procedure has its risks and dangers. However; it is better to be safe than sorry. The human race has a better chance at survival through therapeutic

Dr. Schiewe is the high complexity lab director at Ovagen Fertility Newport Beach and the scientific laboratory director at California Cryobank. Over the last three decades, he has helped IVF labs worldwide protect and transfer embryos in the blastocyst stage and improve pregnancy rates. Dr. Schiewe has published over 35 peer-reviewed papers and 70 abstracts. He also serves as a journal reviewer for Fertility and Sterility and Theriogenology. For more information about Dr. Schiewe and his work, please visit

hen people think of the word “cloning” they often have in mind frightening images of duplicates of humans in a kind of mad scientist experiment. In fact, many people were outraged when Dolly came as a result of a cloning experiment in Scotland (Brown, 2009). Therapeutic cloning, however, is completely different and does not involve the creation of a perfect copy from another human being. In therapeutic cloning, fertilization of sperm or eggs is not implanted into the uterus to create a child. Therapeutic cloning is a phase of a procedure known as somatic cell transfer (SCNT) In this procedure; scientists take a somatic cell from the nucleus of an egg (the nucleus contains genetic material) and then it is transplanted. In practical applications

Therapeutic cloning is now in reach due to cloned early-stage human embryos and human embryos generated only from eggs, in a process called parthenogenesis. The use of therapeutic cloning is aimed to implant a cloned embryo into a woman’s uterus leading to the birth of a cloned baby. Reproductive cloning is thought to have potential dangers to both mother and fetus that make it unwarranted today. Because of that, a restriction is placed until the issues of safety and dangers are solved.

Cloning, or somatic cell nuclear transfer, involves complex maneuvering. A cell is first taken from the body of the person or animal to be cloned. It is then inserted into an egg cell whose nucleus has been removed, thus creating the equivalent to a zygote, or fertilized egg. After certain chemical adjustments, the cells of the zygote divide and multiply, as if it had been created from an egg and sperm. The zygote becomes a blastocyst, an early-stage, five-day-old embryo consisting of about 150 stem cells. If the blastocyst is placed into a surrogate mother’s uterus, it could possibly develop into a fully grown person, a replica of the original cell’s donor.

In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) is a procedure that offers hope to couples who otherwise are unable to conceive. This process is important to infertile couples because it gives them another chance of conceiving a child. In order for normal pregnancy to occur, an egg is released from an ovary and unites with a sperm in a fallopian tube. However, during the process of IVF, this union occurs in a laboratory after both eggs and sperm have been collected. The fertilized egg is then transferred into the uterus to continue growth. Tens of thousands of healthy children born into this world are the results of IVF. Nevertheless, it is important for anyone considering IVF to fully understand the process as well as its limitations.

In the article, “New technique overcomes genetic cause of infertility” by Medical News Today they developed an experiment at the Francis Crick Institute using infertile mice to make healthy offspring. In this experiment, they had found a way to remove the extra x or y chromosome. Having the extra X or Y chromosome is what causes infertility in men, which disrupts the formation of mature sperm. In the experiment, they used the fibroblast from the mice and turned them into stem cells. By doing this they noticed that some lost the extra sex chromosome. They believe that one day this test can be done to humans who have Klinefelter syndrome (XXY) or Double Y syndrome (YYY) who are infertile, allowing them to have children through this same process

The dangers that arise from reproductive cloning are numerous, and are enough to validate the banning of human reproductive cloning altogether. During mammalian reproductive cloning, a large proportion of clones suffered from weakened immune systems, which greatly compromised the animal’s ability to fight off infection, disease, and other disorders. “Animal experiments in cloning all indicate that a cloned twin is at high risk of congenital defects, multiple health problems and perhaps a greatly shortened life span.” (Paulson) In addition, many of the offspring produced through cloning suffer massive abnormalities, such as missing or deformed organs. Approximately 30% of offspring are diagnosed with “large offspring syndrome” and other debilitating conditions. In fact, studies on reproductive cloning have shown that more than 90% of

Children are the brightness of life. Children are what make many sad people happy. Children are the future. This world is full of these tiny, energetic, innocent creatures. Most of the people have the chance to be a parent and have a child, but there are many that couldn’t. These people have problems. They are infertile people. These people wish to have kids. These people try so hard to fix their problems." One of four couples is infertile or dealing with infertility problems in developing countries, and one third to one half of these cases result from male infertility"( Ethics for gene therapy). Blood test is what is used for measuring several factors that affect infertility (Salk Study). The question becomes can theses infertile people be parents? Based on many studies infertility can now be cured by gene therapy.

It goes without saying that a counselor treating clients for infertility should be empathetic, understanding, genuine, and non-judgmental among other traits. Initially, after drawing out the client’s story and assessing their needs for therapy one beginning of treatment can be to provide psychoeducation from a biological, medical, and psychological perspective (Joy & McCrystal, 2015). This ensures a firm foundation for both the client and therapist to develop a healthy treatment plan from which to explore all available options, alternatives, and possible outcomes that are presented. A few examples are in vitro fertilization, surrogacy, adoption, and even acceptance that rearing children

Although IVF seems more acceptable after comparison, therapeutic cloning is still under opposition. To be specific, first

Moreover, “fertility problems could also be potentially eased with the use of genetic cloning.” (“Advantages and Disadvantages of Cloning”, 2014). This technique is called