Token Economy Research Paper

Unconditional Positive Regard is a theory by Carl Rogers applicable both for psychotherapy and in interpersonal relations. It recognizes a universal need for positive regard by others to all persons under various situations. It requires that all individuals as counselors should respect, accept and appreciate others without judgments. It is somehow different from unconditional love since it doesn’t require care for or liking. It only calls for acceptance of individuals whether you are fond of them or not. Unconditional positive regard shouldn’t be taken to mean being nice, friendly, or delightful with other people. Unconditional positive regard is more of a feeling towards others. As such, it ensures that a therapist has a genuinely deep caring for a client regardless as to whether He/ She approves or not, the actions of his clients. It is an attitude of accepting individuals as they are.

The 1950s saw several developments in medications such as antipsychotics. The term antipsychotic refers to medicines or drugs that are primarily needed to manage psychosis. They are usually used to treat schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, though they can be helpful for other mental health problems such as severe depression. In One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest, a patient called Chief Bromden, describes his surroundings after taking medication. He said, “The words come to me like water, it’s so thick. In fact it’s so much like water it floats me right up out of my chair and I don’t know which end is up for a while. Floating makes me a little sick to the stomach at first. I can’t see a thing. I never had it so thick it floated me like this.” (Kesey 133) The quote gives an accuate picure of how an antipsychotic would work. Chlorpromazine, the first anitpsychotic, was synthesized in 1950 by the French pharmacuetical company Rhône-Poulenc. It was followed by the creation of many other drugs with diverse chemical structures. In 1954, another

Unconditional positive regard - a concept developed by the late psychologist Carl Rogers back in the 1960's. Unconditoinal positive regard is to accept and respect others without judgement and I would argue a determining factor in the rapport building process; it is a key element of our work as therapists, both 'in the office' and out in the field of our adventure therapy programs.

The endocrine system releases hormones that send messages throughout the body much like the nervous system. These hormones travel slowly, increasing or decreasing the level of chemicals in the blood. These messages last longer than electrical impulses and cause a more generalized impact in the

Transference belongs to the client, it is the projection of both positive and negative feelings and emotions directed at the therapist but are toward someone else. One example of transference in the therapeutic environment would be if I were a counselor and I asked my client Sally, a 13- year-old female, how her day was going and her response was vague with no enthusiasm assisted by her rolling her eyes. Sally’s response might not be intentionally directed at me personally, rather the question that I asked. Transference is displayed in this example by the way Sally responds.

According to Kernberg (2016) transference focused psychotherapy was developed as a means to assist individuals that may be severely disturbed. Individuals diagnosed with disorders such as, severe personality disorders, borderline personality disorder, as well as, narcissistic, paranoid, schizoid and schizotypal personality disorders (Kernberg, 2016). Transference can be described as the client's feelings towards the therapist. Transference can be attributed to how the therapist reacts to the client in both realistic emotional behaviors and distorted.

Antipsychotic drugs are drugs that are used to treat schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders. Medications have undergone significant improvement over the past few decades and can be effective for psychotic symptoms, anxiety, depression and other disorders. Antipsychotic drugs work by blocking the chemical dopamine receptors in parts of the brain such as the mesolimbic

Transference includes feelings that the client has developed toward the nurse related to similar feelings toward a significant person in the client’s early childhood. That is when the person transfer feelings based on feelings experienced within people and early life experiences onto you the nurse or perhaps another person that the client is involved with. Depending on that relationship, a client may either form a positive or negative transference. For instance; a mother was very strict which the individual found a difficult experience to be on the receiving end; the client may transfer those difficult feelings onto anyone that the client perceives as being in a position of power. For example; it may be an administrator, doctor or you as a

What are token economies? It is identified as a form of operant condition, first noticed as a system through the studies of Ivan Pavlov and B.F Skinner. They studied specifically behaviour management to produce desired responses and inhibit non-desired behaviours. Token economies is a behavioural modification system that uses reinforcements or ‘tokens’ to improve behaviours. Many studies shown that token economies were prevalent in educational systems, where tokens received could be trade-offs for rewards that individuals strived/desired for. These studies hoped for effective modification of classroom behaviours including academic achievements and appropriate classroom manner.

Antipsychotic drugs are the class of medications used to treat psychosis among emotional and mental disorders. Psychosis also known as schizophrenia is defined as losing contact with reality includes hallucinations, paranoia, disordered thoughts, and delusions. Antipsychotic drugs regulate these symptoms from psychosis or any disease that can lead to psychosis. Antipsychotic drugs are mainly made up of major tranquilizers or neuroleptics also include lithium carbonate. Lithium carbonate is a drug used to treat bipolar mood disorder. This drug class is divided into five chemical classes phenothiazine, chlorpromazine, mesoridazine, prochlorperazine, and thioridazine. These five classes are all similar to one another and used to treat any psychosis behavior. Antipsychotic drugs fall into two categories first

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a neurosurgical procedure introduced in 1987, involving the implantation of a medical device called a neurostimulator (sometimes referred to as a 'brain pacemaker), which sends electrical impulses, through implanted electrodes, to specific targets in the brain for the treatment of movement and neuropsychiatric disorders. Deep Brain Stimulation is a brain surgery performed to improve a patient's quality of life. The procedure is not a cure, but it can significantly improve otherwise debilitating symptoms caused by certain neurological disorders. Deep brain stimulation is not a first-line therapy. That means before considering this surgery, patients must have tried medications and other therapies and not responded

Deep brain stimulation is the use of electrical impulses to a deep area within a patient’s brain that is used to treat certain severe psychiatric disorders. Small electrodes are implanted into the brain in an invasive surgery, a series of sessions are held to determine the ideal settings for the execution of electrical currents to the brain, and then a pulse device is placed into the patient’s chest that connect and send electrical currents to the electrodes in the brain. These electrical currents alter the activity in an area of the brain, described by Dr. Gupta as Area 25, a “junction box” for mood-controlling brain circuits. By altering the activity in this area of the brain, doctors can alter the mood of a patient while using the patient’s

The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is connected directly to the central nervous system, and consists of neurons and nerves that send information back and forth the CNS. Furthermore, the peripheral nervous system can be divided into two sections, the sensory nervous system and the motor nervous system. The Sensory The sensory nervous system is in charge of transmitting data from a variety of internal organs or from external stimuli to the central nervous system using sensory nervous cells. On the other hand, the cells of the motor nervous system (motor neurons), take the impulse from the CNS to effectors, which include glands and muscles. In addition, the motor nervous system can be further divided into the somatic nervous system, controls voluntary actions of the skeletal muscle and external sensory organs, whilst the autonomic nervous system operates

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a neurosurgical procedure introduced in 1987. This procedure uses the implantation of a medical device called neurostimulator. A neurostimulator sends electrical impulses, through implanted electrodes, to specific targets in the brain for the treatment of movement and neuropsychiatric (branch of medicine that deals with mental disorders) disorders. DBS in select brain regions has provided therapeutic benefits for disorders such as Parkinson's disease, essential tremor, chronic pain, major depression and obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD). DBS and its underlying principles and mechanisms are still not clear. DBS directly changes brain activity in a controlled manner, its effects are reversible unlike other techniques, and it is one of only a few neurosurgical methods that allow blinded studies. Deep Brain Stimulation is approved by FDA in USA.

Transference is an unconsciously influenced emotional reaction of the patient to the psychotherapist and (in a less technical sense) other health care providers that originates from the patient's earlier experiences related to significant others, especially caregivers, and that are inappropriate to the present context or way in which the therapist is currently dealing with the patient (Scaturo, 2005). I feel that Ms. Rain was the most influential person in Precious’ life. She grew to love her as a person, and not just as her student. Precious said she never spoke in class before she came to each one teach one alternative school. Ms. Rain asked her how she felt speaking for the first time. Precious said it made her feel like she was part of the class. Ms. Rain spent great deal of time helping precious learn how to read and write and she was appreciative. She began to trust and rely on Ms. Rain. The teacher represented all that was lacking in Precious’s life. She was thoughtful, compassionate, and gentle. Ms. Rain wanted Precious to succeed in her endeavors. I felt that Ms. Rain showed precious what a healthy and caring relationship ought to look like. I recollect Precious articulating that she felt warm and loved when she was at the