Deep Brain Stimulation Research Paper

3. The newest treatment available is Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) which is a procedure that uses magnetic fields to stimulate nerve cells in the brain to improve symptoms of

It is a procedure than can help anyone, not just people with brain disorders. Dr. Bradstreet's own son who is Autistic, with the help of this treatment, has been able to stay current and progress at a normal rate in school. This new treatment can be used for ADHD, downs syndrome patients and even stroke victims. Jeanette Eddy, Osceola County Schools District Counselor and Stetson University Professor, volunteered as a test subject to prove the treatment is not only safe for the children in her school district, but that individuals with otherwise "normal" brain function could also benefit from this treatment. Ms. Eddy (personal communication, March 03, 2003) "I'm excited that we have technology out there that is completely safe and can help anyone, not just individuals with psychological problems, but anyone to increase brain function." This is an exciting advancement in the treatment of ADHD and shows tremendous promise in the treatment of ADHD and other afflictions.

The brain is one of the most complex organ in our bodies. To learn about the brain scientists use electrical stimulation. Electrical stimulation is the use of electrical probes to determine functions of the brain. Clinical observation of patients have also helped scientists learn more about the brain. Case studies of different patients such as Phineas Gage have helped to learn about the different functions of the brain and how they work together to perform complex activities. (Barron’s AP Psychology 6th Edition)

Cortical stimulation therapy. This stimulates your brain with electrical currents to make it work better.

A spinal cord stimulation trial is a test to see whether a spinal cord stimulator reduces your pain. A spinal cord stimulator is a small device that is attached to your back. The stimulator has small wires (leads) that connect it to your spinal cord. The stimulator sends electrical pulses through the leads to the spinal cord. These electrical pulses block the nerve impulses that cause pain.

This technology is the same as that used for dorsal column stimulation which has been validated for for chronic pain syndrome, failed back syndrome and peripheral neuropathic pain[5]. The pilot study is being performed at the Cleveland Clinic for DBS[6]. Studies have been performed for motor cortical stimulation[7]. Results are variable but promising. Technique varies from institution to institution and a consensus is yet to be reached . Given the dire nature of intractable neuropathic face pain, the lack of effective therapy and reported efficacy of neuromodulation surgery, it is reasonable to offer DBS or MCS in carefully chosen

To begin with, according to an article written by Lyons, MD, “Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has developed during the past 20 years as a remarkable treatment option for several

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Most of stroke patients suffer from dysfunction in some of the brain activities; one common dysfunction is arm or leg paresis. Therefore the long term goal is to use noninvasive electrical stimulation to improve the function for arm paresis stroke and TBI patients. The targeted population is individuals that have post stroke/TBI dysfunction. Previous studies showed that the stimulation of the motor cortex (M1) region using direct electrical stimulation increases brain activity and help improves brain function. However Direct current stimulation has several limitations, for instance the polarity of the electrodes effects the measurement, since the brain region that attached to the anode will be excited and the region that is attached to the cathode will be inhibited. Therefore we are introducing a new novel method

Bejjani et al. (1999) reported a case where a women who had had Parkinson’s disease for 30 years developed transient acute depression after operated with high-frequency deep brain stimulation on the left side of the substania nigrai. The comparison between the two sides of the substania nigrai and between different patients in this study suggests that anatomical differences of the stimulated region may be responsible for the introduced depression. Persistent manic symptoms on three patients after deep brain stimulation have also been reported by Kulisevsky et al.

This paper was a ground-breaking entry into the combined usage of deep brain stimulation (DBS) and optogenetics. Studies involving DBS are usually met with potential confounders as to the route of therapeutic intervention. The authors mentioned three, the first being the difficulty in determining specific circuits responsible due to the complexity of nervous tissue. Another being that DBS makes use of high frequency stimulation (HFS) which itself produces a myriad of changes in activity that can be hard to pin down in target cells. The final being that DBS creates artefacts through electrical stimulation that clouds target cell responses in neural circuits1. Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is characterized by a loss of dopamine in the striatum that results in both motor and affective pathologies. Specifically modulated are the direct and indirect pathways in the basal ganglia. The indirect pathway is studied in this paper and comprises the global pallidus interna and its afferent synapses on the subthalamic nucleus.2 To address this aspect of PD and the aforementioned DBS issues the authors decided to make use of channel rhodopsins, halorhodopsins, optrodes and optical stimulation. To induce the PD symptoms, rodents were injected with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) to induce hemi parkinsonian symptoms on the contralateral side and in vivo delivery of ChR2 and NpHR was done via lentiviruses.

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation is a form of neurostimulation in which mild electrical currents are delivered to the desired portion of the brain using electrodes that are placed on the scalp. Based on several recent studies, its application is thought to immediately boost memory, focus, energy, and vigilance, as well as assisting in the treatment of a wide range of drug-resistant mental illnesses. So far, the number of complications found associated with tDCS is greatly outnumbered by the number of benefits. There are two types of neural stimulation involved: anodal and cathodal. Anodal stimulation is meant to excite neuronal activity while cathodal stimulation is meant to inhibit or reduce neuronal activity.

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) implantation is a procedure to insert a wire (lead) into one or both sides of the brain in order to deliver electrical currents to an area causing problems. The lead is attached to a power source that is implanted under the skin near the collarbone, chest, or abdomen. This procedure may be done to treat various medical conditions, such as Parkinson disease, essential tremor, and other neurological conditions that cannot be controlled with medicines.

Okun (2012) utilized a systematic review of four samples to explore deep brain stimulation effects on advanced Parkinson’s patients’ quality of life, severity of motor symptoms, and the number of hours per day spent in the “on” state without dyskinesia (Appendix D). Pertinent findings from the critical appraisal of this article included: validity of the reviews utilized in the study, sample size, measurement of variables, findings, and strengths and weaknesses.

In regards to our experience with tACS and EEG: There is no practical difference between tDCS and tACS in terms of implementation (tACS is a variant of tDCS in which the currents are varied over time), both require the use of electrodes carefully placed over the scalp. Typically, new stimulators will support both tACS and tDCS. CI Marinovic has conducted two studies using tDCS (one accepted for publication) and CI Lipp has published two papers using EEG. Thus, the CIs have the required know-how to complete the project. Moreover, expertise in the use of both tDCS/tACS and EEG is within reach in our own faculty (tACS: A/Prof Andrea Loftus, Dr Pat Clarke; EEG: Dr Sue Morris, Prof Tele Tan, Prof Torbjörn Falkmer), with ongoing collaborations in place. Finally, the CIs have current ethics approval to