Tomb of the Unknown Soldier

(1 “Andersonville” 2) The only source of water for the prisoners came from Sweetwater Creek which flowed through the prison and later became a den for disease and filth. During the fourteen months that Andersonville stood, it held the estimated number of 45,000 Yankee soldiers—13,000 of which perished. (2 “Andersonville” 1) Many of those who escaped death did not like to speak of their time spent in those wretched conditions.

This paper will explore the history of the colonial settlements of the Quakers, who are also known as the Society of Friends, who settled in New Jersey and Pennsylvania in colonial times. The history surrounding the establishment and growth of the Quaker colonies of West Jersey and Pennsylvania will be discussed. William Penn’s efforts in establishing the colonies of West Jersey and Pennsylvania were paramount to Quakers immigrating to America. John Fenwick also played a major role in founding the colony of West Jersey, which is now known as New Jersey and the later immigration of Quakers to Pennsylvania. The abolitionist efforts of the Quakers in their fight against slavery, their equal treatment of slaves and the assistance that they provided to slaves will also be discussed. Quakers provided shelter, financial support and harbored many slaves so that they could avoid capture by their owners. Quakers were a large part of the abolitionist movement in the colonies while slavery was legal. Many Quakers played a role in the Underground Railroad, which assisted slaves in obtaining their freedom and avoiding capture. The terms “Quaker” and Society of Friends are interchangeable and will be used throughout this paper accordingly.

From an ancient unknown writer, we have learnt that the labourers made the tomb of bronze, with its floor being a map of China and rivers of mercury, which, as long as they flowed, Qin would live forever in his underground world. The workers continued construction on the tomb until the emperor’s death in 209BC. The mound was a scale model of the palace, the empire and the world. The labourers installed automatically triggered weapons in the mausoleum to safeguard the treasures and ward off tomb robbers. Most of the workmen who were working on the tomb when the Emperor died were buried alive with Qin to serve him in the afterlife. The warriors were constructed by the 700, 000 employed workers of Qin Shi Huangdi to prepare him for his afterlife journey.

In one of these chapters, Bayard Rustin detailed the twenty-two days he experienced on a chain-gang, where he was sentence to by the courts in result of one of his various arrests during the civil rights era. Immediately, he illustrated in great detail the abominable conditions of the camp. The building being festered with roaches in every room and, in the living quarter, approximately a hundred men were closely stacked together in double-decker beds like sardines. The odor, Rustin had gone on further to describe, was absolutely rancid and he went on to later explain that it was largely due to the fact that "each week [the inmates] were only given one suit of underclothing, one pair of socks, a shirt, and a pair of socks. Even though [they] worked in the mud and rain, this was

In “Letter Sent from Philadelphia”, I particularly reveled in the fact that the politicians were only serving for the good of the community for a year’s period and then return home to tend to their personal affairs. William Penn and the twelve justices would be a sight for our country in these desperate times of career politicians. It intrigued me that Germantown had their own separate court system than that of Philadelphia. The local inhabitants of Germantown had no real interaction, except for some trade with the native Americans, because William Penn had paid them a sum of money to resettle outside of the Germantown area.

All was not right in the capital of the early united state or Philadelphia. Many people were dying of a fever that slipped under the radar.

The tomb of the unknown soldier is a cemetery for the soldiers from World War Ⅰ, World War Ⅱ, and the Vietnam War. On Memorial Day 1921, four unknowns were disinterred from World War Ⅰ American cemeteries in France. Army Sgt. Edward F. Younger selected one of the four identical caskets by placing a spray of white roses on the casket. The chosen unidentified soldier was transported to the United States by the USS Olympia. The others remaining were interred in Meuse Argonne Cemetery in France.

One of the Unknowns buried at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier was the Unknown from World War II. The trooper was chosen from two caskets, where one casket had the remains of a soldier that was eliminated in Europe, and the other casket had the remains of a soldier that was eliminated in the Pacific. Medal of Honor recipient Hospital Corpsman First Class William R. Charette had the honor of choosing the remains to be sent to Arlington National Cemetery. As a result, the other casket with the remains of the other soldier were buried at sea. Before the casket was buried, the casket of the World War II Unknown was laid in the U.S.

I imagine that tradition and religion both played a role in the secrecy around the burial of Mongol leaders. Their desolate homeland meant that every day was a struggle to survive the elements, and they led relatively simple, nomadic lives with less in the way of material goods than other societies. The documentary states that Temujin was religious,

Benjamin Rush. He was a physician, social reformer, and signatory of the Declaration of Independence. He fought for laws that involved jails and their conditions. He also argued that inmates could be reformed and had different beliefs towards people who committed larger crimes. Penitence in Pennsylvania grew to form the ideas of Benjamin Rush. Walnut Street Jail was operated through the ideas of enlightened humanitarians in Philidelphia named the Quakers. They believed that a new method was needed to help improve and develop felons from Walnut Street Jail. The Quakers did not think that cruelty of punishment would prevent people from committing crimes. The jail would operate based on the religious beliefs of the Quakers who were disgusted with the use of violence. They believed in solitary confinement in which the inmate is isolated from human contact. The prisoners were not allowed to see anyone but prison staff so that they could improve themselves and think about their life. It was also believed that to rehabilitate, one must be able to reflect. Self-reflection requires silence so that the inmate could think about their actions more. Their goal was for prisoners to quit committing crimes and rehabilitate. Since the Quakers were religious, they had the idea that God has a plan for everyone, so everyone deserves equal opportunities and

Some prisoners were stripped of all their possessions and beaten by the officers, "...they first disarmed me, then plundered me... they abused me by bruising my flesh with the butts of there [guns]... the next thing was I almost starved to death by them...". Some high ranking prisoners such as Majors or Captains were held in dungeons for 10 months. While the prisoners onboard the British ships may have been mistreated, it is false to assume that British prisoners were treated with hospitality. The Continental Congress was also caught off-guard with the amount of prisoners from the Convention army. After the Battle of Trenton there were hundreds of Hessian prisoners and after the Convention army surrendered the number increased by 6,000. Even though the prisoners were intended to be treated with mercy, in reality this was not always the case. There were multiple instances of appalling cruelty especially in certain states. Since the Continental Congress was unprepared to house all of the prisoners, they instead took them through a journey through America, “took them down to Virginia, then up to Maryland, into Pennsylvania again, and finally back to Rutland. Almost every step of the way they contended with meagre rations, shortages of fuel, inadequate accommodations, and physical violence." In addition, some prisoners were dumped unto unexpecting towns. These towns had to feed thousands of prisoners without any warning. Therefore,

In the beginning, when the cemetery was first starting out, the burials that took place in the Lower Cemetery were for those of poor enlisted men. However, officers were buried close by the Lee Mansion, such as next to Mrs. Lee’s garden. Meigs wanted to make Arlington uninhabitable for the Lees after the war, which is why he had planned that, the placement of the tombs to be guarding the

Many Americans were brought from Europe. Many didn’t return because they couldn’t be identified. The Allies determined that unknown soldiers should be honored as a symbol of all brave soldiers who died during the war(Ashabranner 51). Americans decided to choose American Unknown to be buried in Arlington from World War One. Since Most fighting was in France, four cemeteries were built there(Ashabranner 51). A coffin from each cemetery was chosen. From there one would be chosen to be Unknown from WW1(Ashabranner 51). October 26, 1921 coffins in France with Unknowns from WW1 were dug up. Edward Younger was chosen to pick the coffin the would be sent to Arlington. He walked passed one of the coffins and placed twelve white roses on it. He said that he felt like a voice was telling him that the Unknown was one of his pals.The Unknown was brought back to the US on a ship named Olympia (Ashabranner 53).On November 11, 1921, the Unknown from WW1 was taken to Arlington National Cemetery for burial. A huge white marble sarcophagus was added for the tomb of the Unknown for WW1 in 1932 (Ashabranner 55). A similar process was used to choose the Unknown from the Korean war, WW11 and the Vietnam war. The location of the the Korean Unknown is to the left of WW1 Unknown, location to WW11 Unknown is to the right and centered between is the Vietnam Unknown. These four unknowns represent all of the Unknown soldiers who died in

Some of these same conditions can be found in the Union owned camp in Elmira, New York, oversaw by Colonel Seth Eastwood. The first similarity was overpopulation. Chemung County History describes that, "Barrack space was ample for 5,000 prisoners, but 10,000 arrived and were forced to live in tents along the Chemung River." ("Chemung County...) Effectively, the prisoners were highly exposed to the harsh winter conditions. Also, the Chemung River would sometimes flood, which heavily affected the prisoners. Another similarity is that, like Andersonville, disease broke out frequently. The same source explains that Elmira also experienced, "extreme bouts of dysentery, typhoid, pneumonia, smallpox, lack of

     The prisoners are further degraded because they simply do not have enough to eat. They become very haggardly and often have difficulty in judging each other?s age. Acquisition of a sufficient amount of food becomes a daily struggle, and for those who do not rise to the occasion ultimately parish. After a certain time period, it is impossible to survive unless you become an ?Organisator, Kombinator, or a Prominent? (Levi, 89). Levi writes, ?We have learnt the value of food; now we also diligently scrape the bottom of the bowl after the ration and we hold it under our chins when we eat bread so as not to lose the crumbs? (Levi, 33). A prisoner could only survive on a normal ration for around 3 months at best. Starving to death was not the main reason to acquire an adequate amount of food. The selections had to be avoided. If a prisoner was too weak to work, he was destined for the gas chambers.