Phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate as An Essential Signaling Phospholipid in the Human Malaria Parasite Research Summary Signaling lipids control multiple fundamental cellular processes, including endocytic trafficking and cell proliferation. However, our understanding of lipid-mediated cellular functions in Plasmodium parasites is still largely lacking. Among all the signaling lipids, phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PI(3)P) has been recognized as crucial to parasite growth and survival. Emerging
contain a nucleus as well as other membrane-bound organelles. However, how do we know which organelle is the most crucial to the function of living organisms? Organelles are structures within the cells that are responsible for different jobs. The nucleus is the control centre for everything that happens in the cell; hence, why the nucleus is the most vital organelle for the function of living organisms. A cell’s nucleus is often compared to as the brain of a cell. It is the control point for everything
RAS proteins are well understood in terms of their function, molecular structure and most importantly their prevalent role in carcinogenesis. Oncogenic RAS is the single most abundant phenotype seen in cancers seen in almost 30% of human tumours screened (Stafford, Walker and Webb, 2012); with certain mutations in RAS being the single determining factor for carcinogenesis. The role of RAS in signal transduction pathways involved in cellular proliferation, apoptotic evasion and cell survival make
are very complex; it has infinitely many functions. These functions are carried out by organs; all organs in the body operate in a choreograph manner that keeps the body in a healthy state. If these functions decide to fail, life cannot be sustained. With that said, without the body’s secret ingredients the organs and the functions they carry out will cease to exist. These secret ingredient are known as cells—the fundamental unit of life. Cells are essential to sustaining life; ironically it is the
G-protein-coupled receptors, also called GPCRs, form the largest receptor family among cell surface proteins 1. This receptor family is large in size and very diverse, especially in mammalian genomes 2. In simple terms, GPCRs are used for cellular communication 1. These receptors still need extensive research since they are such a large, diverse group. More so, continued research can benefit humans when it comes to pharmaceuticals. GPCRs are key when it comes to cells converting external signals
advances in medical brain imaging technology. The PET scan maps the amount blood flow through specific areas of the brain, allowing researchers to localize particular functions to precise areas of the brain. In the TED talk, Dr. Allen explains the function of the cerebellum, temporal cortex, and frontal lobe – areas of the brain whose functions were determined using PET scan. However, brain imaging only gives an anatomical representation of the brain. Dr. Allen Jones examined the macroscopic organization
whooping cough, also called pertussis. It is causing many deaths, especially in infants. Many health officials have grown concerned with this unexpected new threat, mainly because the babies are too young to be fully immunized by the illness. It’s essential to understand how this virus is effecting our population and what procedures must be taken in order to prevent it from continuing to spread. The article Whooping Cough Mark Near, from the Fresno Bee, describes the conditions of this new occurring
fashion. The cytoplasmic protein affected in Huntington’s disease is Huntingtin, coded for by the Huntingtin gene. The mutated version of the Huntingtin protein has several degenerative consequences on the molecular level. These are mainly caused by the elongated chain of glutamines that abberantly interacts with proteins and diminishes their biological functions. The mutated protein also tends to misfold and form aggregates in neurons, diminishing normal neural functions and producing the phenotypic
Protein Types of Protein Milk proteins are extensively studied regarding their role in exercise training adaptations (Hartman et al., 2007; Tang, Moore, Kujbida, Tarnopolsky, & Phillips, 2009). Ingestion of milk proteins following exercise is shown to accelerate muscle recovery, increase glycogen replenishment, and improve protein balance in a positive manner that allow for increases in muscular strength and hypertrophy (Cockburn, Stevenson, Hayes, Robson-Ansley, & Howatson, 2010; Hartman et al.
year. Alzheimer’s disease affects the person’s memory, language, judgment and even their daily tasks. While the disease continues to dramatically progress, it begins to affect all regions of the brain, causing the person to lose almost all of their functions. When the person has reached their final stage, they are no longer able to recognize themselves or their surroundings and would need full time dependent care. According to the Alzheimer’s Association (alz.org, 2016), the person may have up to eight