1. (a) Describe the defining features of call and put options and explain intuitively using an example why call and put options are more valuable the greater their underlying stock's variability.
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- Explain in detail with an example how the change of the variables (like Stock Price, Exercise Price, Risk-Free Rate, Volatility or Standard Deviation, and Time to Expiration) of Black-Scholes-Merton Formula affect the price of the option.a. Describe how the Black-Scholes Call option formula can be used to make an inference about the variance of the return on a stock. b . Explain how the earnings and dividends approaches to stock valuation are equivalent.Both call and put options are affected by the following five factors: the exercise price, the underlying stock price, the time to expiration, the stock’s standard deviation, and the risk-free rate. However, the direction of the effects on call and put options could be different. Use the following table to identify whether each statement describes put options or call options. Statement Put Option Call Option 1. An option is more valuable the longer the maturity. 2. A longer maturity in-the-money option on a risky stock is more valuable than the same shorter maturity option. 3. When the exercise price increases, option prices increase. 4. As the risk-free rate increases, the value of the option increases.
- Why do call options with exercise prices greater than the price of the underlying stock sell for positive prices?What would be a simple options strategy to exploit your conviction about the stock price's future movements? Group of answer choices Long Straddle Short Straddle Bull Spread Bear SpreadMichael Weber, CFA, is analyzing several aspects of option valuation, including the determinants of the value of an option, the characteristics of various models used to value options, and the potential for divergence of calculated option values from observed market prices.a. What is the expected effect on the value of a call option on common stock if the volatility of the underlying stock price decreases? If the time to expiration of the option increases?b. Using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model and an estimate of stock return volatility, Weber calculates the price of a 3-month call option and notices the option’s calculated value is different from its market price. With respect to Weber’s use of the Black-Scholes option-pricing model,i. Discuss why the calculated value of an out-of-the-money European option may differ from its market price.ii. Discuss why the calculated value of an American option may differ from its market price.
- What impact does each of the followingparameters have on the value of a call option?(5) Variability of the stock pricea)discuss the put-call parity of options on futures, and use it to value put options on futures. b)discuss the pricing model for options on futures. c) demonstrate an understanding of butterfly spreads by defining butterfly spreads, discussing the circumstances under which investors would use a butterfly spread strategy. d) demonstrate an understanding of straddles by defining straddles, discussing the circumstances under which investors would use a straddle strategy. e) demonstrate an understanding of box spreads by defining box spreads, discussing the circumstances under which investors would use a box spread strategy.Both call and put options are affected by the following five factors: the exercise price, the underlying stock price, the time to expiration, the stock’s standard deviation, and the risk-free rate. However, the direction of the effects on call and put options could be different. Use the following table to identify whether each statement describes put options or call options. Statement Put Option Call Option 1. When the exercise price increases, option prices increase. 2. An option is more valuable the longer the maturity. 3. The effect of the time to maturity on the option prices is indeterminate. 4. As the risk-free rate increases, the value of the option increases.
- Select all that are true with respect to the Black Scholes Option Pricing Model (BSOPM) Group of answer choices When using BSOPM to value a stock option, the BSOPM assumes that stock prices follow a normal distribution. When using BSOPM to value a stock option, the BSOPM assumes that stock returns follow a normal distribution. Half of the observations in a normal distribution are above the mean and half are below the mean. Fisher Black and Myron Scholes were awarded the Nobel Prize in 1997 for their work in Option Pricing.Problem 4d: State whether the following statements are true or false. In each case, provide a brief explanation. d. In a binomial world, if a stock is more likely to go up in price than to go down, an increase in volatility would increase the price of a call option and reduce the price of a put option. Note that a static position is a position that is chosen initially and not rebalanced through time.We showed in the text that the value of a call option increases with the volatility of the stock. Is this also true of put option values? Use the put-call parity theorem as well as a numerical example to prove your answer.