1. List three places outside of Africa where sickle-cell anemia is fairly common in the indigenous population: a. b. c. 2. Why hasn't the sickle-cell trait died out? 3. What is the ultimate source of biological variation? What is the difference between gene flow and genetic drift?
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- 5. a. Is genetic drift a gain or loss in heterozygosity? b. What population is most effected by drift? Ne = 20 or Ne = 200. Why? c. There is a balancing act between drift and another force of evolution. What is it and why is this important?3. a. Why are most populations not in Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium? b. There is an ancient village population of humans. We know very little about this population. How can we use genetics to determine if the societal system of the village was matrilocal or patrilocal? c. There was variation in a rat phenotype (coat color.) The coat colors ranged from dark color coats to light color coats. As the rats migrated into the basements of campus, the light color rats were more likely to be caught by the campus cat. Over time, the basement rat population shifted to entirely dark color coats. This is an example of what kind of selection? d. Explain how a genetic bottleneck could lead to higher susceptibility of a disease, such cancer, in that population.1. Why do you think it is necessary for there to be variation in a population in order for evolution by natural selection to occur? 2. Why is it necessary for traits to be inherited for evolution to take place? 3. If a population is already well adapted to its environment, will most mutations be helpful or harmful? Explain.
- 1.) What happens to the genotypic frequencies from generation 1 to generation 5? 2.) What process is occurring when there is a change in genotypic frequencies over a long period of time? 3.) What would happen if it were more advantageous to be heterozygous (Ff)? Would there still be homozygous fish? Explain. 4.) What happens to the recessive genes over successive generations? Explain. 5.) Why doesn't the recessive gene disappear from the population?There is a population of cats and 16% of the cats this population show a recessive trait. a. What is the frequency of the recessive allele? b. What is the frequency of the dominant genotype? c. What is the frequency of cats with the heterozygous genotype?Let’s suppose the mutation rate for converting a B allele into a b allele is 10–4. The current allele frequencies are B = 0.6 and b = 0.4. How long will it take for the allele frequencies to equal each other, assuming that no genetic drift takes place?
- What is the main factor that differentiates genetic drift from natural selection? 1. Genetic drift occurs due to human influence, while natural selection is natural. 2. Genetic drift is random, while natural selection is based on advantageous traits. 3. Genetic drift is a mechanism of evolution, while natural selection is not.1. What is the expected time to fixation in generations for a new mutation in a diploid population (like humans) with an effective population size of 50? This new mutation is neutral and has no impact on fitness (e.g. synonymous polymorphism). Assuming the mutation isn’t lost immediately, will it reach fixation faster in a population of Ne=500 or Ne=5,000 and why?One of the original Amish colonies rose from a ship of colonists that came from Europe. The ship s captain, who had polydactyly, a rare dominant trait, was one of the original colonists. Today, we see a much higher frequency of polydactyly in the Amish population. This is an example of: natural selection genetic drift founder effect b and c
- Explain in 3 or 2 paragraphs -Genetic drift vs Gene flowThere are five generations of complete selection against recessive individuals (a) , migration (b), and random genetic drift (c). that affect the gene (A, a) and genotypic (AA, Aa, aa) frequencies of the population. Afterward, answer the question that follows. Based on the figures, what are the effect of complete selection, migration, and random genetic drift on the gene and genotypic frequencies of the population? Describe the trend for each scenario and provide a brief explanation. a. complete selection against recessive individuals b. migration c. random genetic drift (random mating in a very small population)Which of the following statements describes an example of genetic drift?a. Allele g for fat production increases in a small population because birds with more bodyfat have higher survivorship in a harsh winter.b. Random mutation increases the frequency of allele A in one population but not inanother.c. Allele R reaches a frequency of 1.0 because individuals with genotype rr are sterile.d. Allele m is lost when a virus kills all but a few individuals and just by chance, none ofthe survivors possess allele m.
