1.) Teratogens are agents that interfere with the normal growth of the fetus and induce abnormalities in them due to exposure during pregnancy. Teratogenic agents include various maternal health factors such as diabetes, physical agents such as ionizing agents, prescription drugs or over-the-counter medication, environmental chemicals such as mercury compounds, and many other recreational factors such as cigarettes and alcohol. Drugs and recreational factors such as cigarettes and alcohol are the main causes of fetal abnormalities. Many drugs cross the placenta by simple diffusion, and reach the fetus from the mother. The most common teratogenic effects of drugs are spontaneous abortions and congenital malformations. Some drugs, such as warfarin, phenytoin and thalidomide are known to have teratogenic effects. Thalidomide was a drug prescribed by doctors in the 1950s to reduce morning sickness, but after its deadly effects were recognized it was discontinued as a treatment. Cigarettes and alcohol play an equal role in causing fetal abnormalities when used by pregnant mothers. Alcohol consumption during pregnancy gives rise to a clinical condition known as fetal alcohol syndrome. A. What were the teratogenic effects of the drug thalidomide that led to its discontinuation? B. State one teratogenic effect each for the use of cigarettes and the consumption of alcohol by pregnant females. 2.) A. Contrast the action of FSH in males and females. In your answer, consider how FSH regulates the production of estrogen and testosterone. B. Efforts to develop a male oral contraceptive have focused on drugs that block the effects of FSH. Justify why it would be undesirable to block the effects of LH.

Nutrition Now

8th Edition

ISBN:9781337415408

Author:Brown

Publisher:Brown

Chapter29: Good Nutrition For Life: Pregnancy, Breastfeeding, And Infancy

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 12RQ

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Need help with question 1 and 2. 1.) Teratogens are agents that interfere with the normal growth of the fetus and induce abnormalities in them due to exposure during pregnancy. Teratogenic agents include various maternal health factors such as diabetes, physical agents such as ionizing agents, prescription drugs or over-the-counter medication, environmental chemicals such as mercury compounds, and many other recreational factors such as cigarettes and alcohol. Drugs and recreational factors such as cigarettes and alcohol are the main causes of fetal abnormalities. Many drugs cross the placenta by simple diffusion, and reach the fetus from the mother. The most common teratogenic effects of drugs are spontaneous abortions and congenital malformations. Some drugs, such as warfarin, phenytoin and thalidomide are known to have teratogenic effects. Thalidomide was a drug prescribed by doctors in the 1950s to reduce morning sickness, but after its deadly effects were recognized it was discontinued as a treatment. Cigarettes and alcohol play an equal role in causing fetal abnormalities when used by pregnant mothers. Alcohol consumption during pregnancy gives rise to a clinical condition known as fetal alcohol syndrome. A. What were the teratogenic effects of the drug thalidomide that led to its discontinuation? B. State one teratogenic effect each for the use of cigarettes and the consumption of alcohol by pregnant females. 2.) A. Contrast the action of FSH in males and females. In your answer, consider how FSH regulates the production of estrogen and testosterone. B. Efforts to develop a male oral contraceptive have focused on drugs that block the effects of FSH. Justify why it would be undesirable to block the effects of LH.

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