2. (a) An electrocardiogram (ECG) is a recording of the electrical activity of the heart. When designing a microprocessor-based system the ECG is recorded using analogue circuitry that is connected to a low-speed ADC. The ADC is, in turn, connected to a microprocessor and then to a laptop computer. Describe which interface standards you would propose for the following connections: (i) between the ADC and the microprocessor, and (ii) the connection between the microprocessor and the laptop computer. Your answers should include justifications for your proposals.
Instructions and Operation
Nowadays, electrical engineers are required to evolve their practices by incorporating embedded processes, microcontrollers, digital signal processors, and so on. These processors are beneficial in many ways and have changed the perspective of electronic design.
Subroutine Instruction
Subroutine instruction is defined as the instructions used in the programming language in a sequence form saved in memory. They are used to doing a specific task. Subroutine instruction is called a unit that instructs to perform some needed task. There are many programming languages in which subroutine instructions are used but have a different identity or name, such as method, function, subprogram, routine, etc. Subroutine or sub-program is designed or coded as they can be called multiple times while executing the program.
Classification of Buses
A bus inside a microprocessor is a collection of wirelines that contain related information. A group of wires required for communication among the microprocessor and peripherals is known as a system bus. A bus is an electrical or digital passage across which bits are transferred between a variety of computer elements. It mainly links all the internal parts to the CPU (Central Processing Unit) and main memory. The width or size of any bus is crucial since it affects the amount of data that is transferred at a certain time period. Buses always transmit data parallelly, in a 32-bit bus, the information is supplied over 32 wirelines simultaneously and each bus comprises a clock speed measurable in MHz. The various types of buses inside a microprocessor are address bus, data bus, and control bus.
Execution of Instruction
A sequence of instructions makes up a program stored in a computer's memory unit. The CPU executes these instructions by going through a cycle for each instruction. The instruction cycle in a simple computer includes the steps listed below:
2. (a) An electrocardiogram (ECG) is a recording of the electrical activity of the
heart. When designing a microprocessor-based system the ECG is recorded
using analogue circuitry that is connected to a low-speed ADC. The ADC is,
in turn, connected to a microprocessor and then to a laptop computer.
Describe which interface standards you would propose for the following
connections:
(i) between the ADC and the microprocessor, and
(ii) the connection between the microprocessor and the laptop
computer.
Your answers should include justifications for your proposals.
(b) The system described in part (a) needs to be galvanically isolated in order
to ensure patient safety.
(i) Explain the concept of galvanic isolation.
(ii) Describe, by drawing schematics, how the interface you proposed in
part (a) between the ADC and the microprocessor could be
galvanically isolated.
(iii) Describe, by drawing schematics, how you might modify the logic
voltage levels between the ADC and the microprocessor if they do
not operate with compatible voltages.
(iv) Explain the impact that your circuits in (ii) and (iii) could have on data
transfer rates.
(c) (i) Describe the purpose of Manchester Coding.
(ii) Explain its operation by drawing a timing diagram that shows the
encoding of a master to slave SPI write of the following hexadecimal
number: 0xAD. State any assumptions you make.
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