3. Ultrasound can be used to diagnose acute appendicitis in patients fronting with abdominal pain. In positive diagnoses, the appendix is usually surgically removed as appendicitis can be potentially life threatening. However, an incorrect diagnosis can lead to the removal of a normal appendix although the body can function normally without one. (a) Create a binary classification table for the ultrasonic appendicitis test described in the information sheet. Assume a sample population of 1000 people fronting with abdominal pain. Ensure that you carefully explain the steps involved in creating the table.
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here is the needed information for the question
Diagnosis of appendicitis:
Ultrasound can be used to identify cases of appendicitis. In a study of the use of the tech- nique [2], researchers were able to identify an overall sensitivity of 82% and a specificity of 54% of ultrasound testing across several clinics. This was amongst patients who fronted with abdominal pain, 72% who were later diagnosed with appendicitis through separate testing.
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- 2. A psychologist at a private mental hospital was asked to determine whether there was a clear difference in the length of stay for patients with different categories of diagnosis. Looking at the last four patients in each of the three major categories, the results (in terms of weeks of stay) were as follows: Diagnosis Category Affective Disorders Cognitive Disorders Drug-Related Conditions 7 12 8 6 8 10 5 9 12 6 11 10 Using alpha = 0.05, is there a…A study of the characteristics of subcarriers—telecommunication signals carried on top of one another—for underwater acoustic communications was conducted. A sub-carrier can be classified as either a data subcarrier (used for data transmissions), a pilot subcarrier (used for channel estimation and synchronization), or a null subcarrier (used for direct current and guard banks transmitting no signal). In a sample of 1,024 subcarrier signals transmitted off the coast of Martha’s Vineyard, 672 were determined to be data subcarriers, 256 pilot subcarriers, and 96 null subcarriers. Suppose a communications engineer who works near Martha’s Vineyard believes that fewer than 70% of all subcarrier signals transmitted in the area are data subcarriers. Is there evidence to support this belief? Test using a significance level of .05. Write all steps.Retinitis pigmentosa is a disease that manifests itself viadifferent genetic modes of inheritance. Cases have beendocumented with a dominant, recessive, and sex-linkedmode of inheritance. It has been conjectured that mode ofinheritance is related to the ethnic origin of the individual.Cases of the disease have been surveyed in an Englishand a Swiss population with the following results: Of 125English cases, 46 had sex-linked disease, 25 had recessive disease, and 54 had dominant disease. Of 110 Swisscases, 1 had sex-linked disease, 99 had recessive disease,and 10 had dominant disease. Do these data show a significant association between ethnic origin and genetic type?
- Consider a proposed case-control study of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and maternal boba tea consumption in Irvine. Assume that 20% of Irvine mothers are regular consumers (at least 3 servings per week) of boba tea, and that the prevalence of ASD is 1/59 (making it a somewhat rare disease). Also assume that 50% of Irvine mothers who regularly consume boba tea prefer black milk tea, that the prevalence of regular boba tea consumption among mothers of autistic children is 25%, that each participant will be paid $30 to join the study, and that there are at least 1,000 mothers of autistic children and at least 100,000 mothers of non-autistic children in Irvine who are willing to participate in the study if compensated. If these assumptions are correct, what is the odds ratio describing the association between regular boba tea consumption and ASD? HINT: Recall that the disease odds ratio is equal to the exposure odds ratio.A sociologist wants to investigate the question, "Is there a relationship between texting during class and grade-point-average (GPA) among high school seniors in a large district?" Which study design is most appropriate? Before the semester starts, randomly select 40 seniors from each high school who do not text during class. Assign 20 to the texting treatment group (text three or more times during every class meeting) and 20 to the control group (no texting during class). At the end of the semester, obtain each student’s GPA from the appropriate admissions and records office. Compare the GPA of students who routinely text during class to the GPA of students who do not text during class. Before the semester starts, randomly select 40 seniors from each high school who do not text during class. Assign 20 to the texting treatment group (text three or more times during every class meeting) and 20 to the control group (no texting during class). At the end of the semester,…A psychologist at a private mental hospital was asked to determine whether there was a clear difference in the length of stay for patients with different categories of diagnosis. Looking at the last four patients in each of the three major categories, the results (in terms of weeks of stay) were as follows: Diagnosis Category Affective Disorders Cognitive Disorders Drug-Related Conditions 7 12 8 6 8 10 5 9 12 6 11 10 Using alpha = 0.05, is there a significant difference in length of stay among diagnosis categories? Show all five steps of hypothesis testing. For additional practice, compute the means and standard deviations for each group. What is the purpose of a post hoc test? What does it tell us? Explain why we do not need a post hoc test if there are only two groups in our study. Conduct Tukey's HSD post hoc test to determine where there is a difference in the three groups.
- A psychologist at a private mental hospital was asked to determine whether there was a clear difference in the length of stay for patients with different categories of diagnosis. Looking at the last four patients in each of the three major categories, the results (in terms of weeks of stay) were as follows: Diagnosis Category Affective Disorders Cognitive Disorders Drug-Related Conditions 7 12 8 6 8 10 5 9 12 6 11 10 Using alpha = 0.05, is there a significant difference in length of stay among diagnosis categories? Show all five steps of hypothesis testing and compute the means and standard deviations for each group.Suppose that in a study of 35 million HPV shots examined, the shots were followed in time by 14,000 serious ailments and 32 confirmed deaths. However, suppose in examining a randomly selected control group of 35 million non-vaccinated people of the same age at a particular time A, 0.0413% developed a serious ailment soon after time A, and 0.000089% died soon after time A. What does the comparison of two groups tell us? What are the percentages in the vaccinated group (serious ailments and confirmed deaths), and how to they compare to the nonvaccinated group? Hint: compute the percentages for serious ailments (14,000/35,000,000) and confirmed deaths (32/35,000,000) for the vaccinated group. Compare with the control group. Notice % above. (0,0413% and 0.000089%) Answer here. What can we conclude with high probability, if this comparison between vaccinated and non-vaccinated groups was done many times with the same basic results? Answer here. Can we absolutely rule out that the…An article in the newspaper claims that 60% of registered drivers have the organ donor designation on their driver's license. A researcher at a hospital decides to investigate this claim. The researcher selects a random sample of 50 registered drivers and finds that 44.0% have the organ donor designation on their driver's license. Do the data provide convincing evidence at the ?α = 0.05 level that fewer than 60% of registered drivers have the organ donor designation on their license?
- Wertheretal et al. examined the β-leucocyte count (/ L) in 51subjects with colorectal cancer and 19 healthy controls. The cancer patients were also classified into Dukes’s classification (A,B,C) for colorectal cancer that gives doctors a guide to the risk, following surgery, of cancer coming back or spreading to other parts of the body. An additional category (D) identified patients with disease that had not been completely resected. The results are displayed in the following table. Perform an analysis of these data in which you identify the sources of variability and specify the degrees of freedom for each. Do these data provide sufficient evidence to indicate that, on average, leucocyte counts differ among the five categories? Let α=0.01 . Write the null and alternative hypotheses of this study. Test the claim using the ANOVA Table. If you reject the null hypothesis, interpret your results using multiple comparison test Bonferroni. What assumptions must be made in part (b)? Are they…Kuru is a prion disease of the Fore people of highland New Guinea. It was once transmitted by the consumption of deceased relatives at mortuary feasts, a ritual that was ended by about 1960. Using archived tissue samples, Mead et al. (2009) investigated genetic variants that might confer resistance to kuru. The data in the accompanying table are genotypes at codon 129 of the prion protein gene of young and elderly individuals all having the disease. Since the elderly individuals have survived long exposure to kuru, unusually common genotypes in this group might indicate resistant genotypes. b) Test whether genotype frequencies differ between the two age groups. Provide your answer below. (Your answer should include 1) null and alternative hypothesis, 2) degrees of freedom, 3) calculated chi-square value, 4) critical chi-square value (alpha=0.05) and 5) final biological conclusion)Colonoscopy is a medical procedure that is designed to find and remove precancerous lesions in the colon before they become cancerous. The article “Association of Colonoscopy and Death from Colorectal Cancer” (N. Baxter, M. Goldwasser, et al., Annals of Internal Medicine, 2009:1–8) reports that in a sample of 10,292 people diagnosed with colorectal cancer, 7.0% had previously had a colonoscopy, and in a sample of 51,460 people without colorectal cancer, 9.8% had previously had a colonoscopy. Can you conclude that the percentage of people who have had colonoscopies is greater in those without colorectal cancer?