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- 1) Discuss several characteristics of mitochondria and chloroplasts that lend evidence to the endosymbiotic theory. As stated in the text, this theory may explain the origin of these organelles. Can this theory explain the origin of the ER?10. What would be the result if a cell failed to express a functional signal peptidase enzyme? a. It would be unable to import proteins into the nucleus b. It would be unable to export proteins out of the nucleus c. It would be unable to synthesize any proteins d. It would be unable to secrete proteins e. Both a and b are correct answers1. In bacteria, Which of the following mechanisms is the least probable in promoting antibiotic resistance? A. receive a gene or genes that code for capsule production B. receive a gene or genes that code for a “multidrug resistant” bomb C. a chromosomal mutation that alters membrane permeability D. a chromosomal mutation that alters the shape of the drug receptor E. receiving a gene that codes for an enzyme that destroys a particular antibiotic 2. Why are Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections difficult to treat? A. Because they form biofilms, which are difficult for antibiotics to penetrate. B. Because they have a special endotoxin that degrades many antibiotics. C. Because we do not have any antibiotics that target P. aeruginosa. D. Because they are gram-positive bacteria, which are harder to treat. 3. Which of the following drugs is not used primarily to treat tuberculosis A. ethambutol B. rifampin C. isoniazid D. sulfonamide
- 1. What are the conventional and unconventional substrates that are used in Single Cell Protein production? 2.What are the advantages of using microorganisms in producing Single Cell Protein?4. Explain the RAAS mechanism.,!5. How are methods of precipitating proteins, such as heat and treatment with alcohol, also successful in killing harmful microorganisms?
- 1. What are the key organelles in a cell? 2. How does COVID-19 affect a cell, an RBC, a lung organ, and the immune system? 3. What is respiratory failure? 4. What is a vaccine? and how long does it take to make it?6. An individual contracts an infection and this results in the production of soluble proteins that act as signalling molecules between cells. Outline and differentiate the various biological activities of these molecules.1. The production of arginine is terminated by the presence of excess arginine. State which phenomenon is responsible for this outcome. Explain the phenomenon in brief. 2. Suppose, a group of scientists developed a recombinant enzyme having mutations in its active site. Do you think, the activity of an enzyme would differ from the wild type? 3. Which part of the cell has a model structure of a fluid mosaic? Why do you think this happens?
- 1. Besides an allergen and an antibody, what is required to cause a cytotoxic (Type II) reaction?1. Explain why human cells would always prefer to use aerobic respiration to anaerobic respiration.b. What waste products are produced during anaerobic respiration? 2. Explain what the cell is doing in each of the following stages of the cell cycle.a) G1, b) S, c) G2, d) M Explain how checkpoints are used to prevent the formation of cancer cells? Describe the events of the following phases of mitosis: Prophase, Metaphaseiii, Anaphase, Telophase2. How do CDGs differ from lysosomal storage diseases?