4-year-old boy is brought to the clinic with coughs, fever, chills, headaches and body aches. The doctor suspects influenza upon learning of others in the daycare showing the same symptoms. In response to the infection, which of the following is most likely activated in the cells? ATM/ATR kinase pathway Expression of p53 transcription factor Mitochondria to release cytochrome C Release cellular contents to stimulate inflammation Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor death domain
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4-year-old boy is brought to the clinic with coughs, fever, chills, headaches and body aches. The doctor suspects influenza upon learning of others in the daycare showing the same symptoms. In response to the infection, which of the following is most likely activated in the cells?
|
ATM/ATR kinase pathway |
||
|
Expression of p53 transcription factor |
||
|
Mitochondria to release cytochrome C |
||
|
Release cellular contents to stimulate inflammation |
||
|
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor death domain |
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- In an infected breast tissue, which of the following will not be consistent with the pathway of apoptosis in the tissue? Group of answer choices Toll-like receptors are activated by the invading organism RIPk1 binds to FADD causing Caspase 9 activation BID translocates to the mitochondria to promote MOMP XIAP is inhibited by SmacHay fever, also called allergic rhinitis, is a common ailment in the spring. People who experience hay fever have sensitive immune systems that respond to pollen in the air. When pollen, the allergen, enters the airways, the inflammatory response is triggered, even though pollen is not a dangerous molecule. Symptoms include inflammation of the airways, nasal congestion, and watery eyes. While there is currently no cure for hay fever, people suffering from it often take antihistamines, medications that inhibit the action of histamine. How would this help the condition?Which of the following statements is _false_ regarding phagocytosis? A. It can ingest large particles. B. It involves the projection of pseudopods. C. It is used by amoebae to ingest food. D. It is mediated by clathrin at the plasma membrane. E. It is used by macrophages and neutrophils to ingest bacteria
- Mycobacteria are intracellular pathogens that have adapted to life inside phagocytic cells, such as macrophages. These intracellular bacteria are taken up by phagocytosis, similar to other pathogens, but the bacteria are not killed. One possible mechanism that could account for this immune evasion by mycobacteria is their ability to: Prevent induction of nitric oxide production in the phagosome Prevent the acidification of phagosomes Prevent the expression of antimicrobial peptides in the phagosome Prevent fusion of phagosomes with lysosomes Kill the macrophage before it kills themThe Gram-negative bacterium Yersinia pestis, thecausative agent of the plague, is extremely virulent. Uponinfection, Y. pestis injects a set of effector proteins intomacrophages that suppresses their phagocytic behaviorand also interferes with their innate immune responses.One of the effector proteins, YopJ, acetylates serines andthreonines on various MAP kinases, including the MAPkinase kinase kinase TAK1, which controls a key signalingstep in the innate immune response pathway. To deter-mine how YopJ interferes with TAK1, you transfect humancells with active YopJ (YopJWT) or inactive YopJ (YopJCA)and with FLAG-tagged active TAK1 (TAK1WT) or inactiveTAK1 (TAK1K63W), and assay for total TAK1 and for phos-phorylated TAK1, using antibodies against the FLAG tag oragainst phosphorylated TAK1 (Figure Q23–1). How doesYopJ block the TAK1 signaling pathway? How do you sup-pose the serine/threonine acetylase activity of YopJ mightinterfere with TAK1 activation?Which of the following are regulators of Cdks? Choose all that apply. There are 3 correct answers. You will LOSE points (from the total correct) for incorrect answers. This is to discourage guessing. licensing proteins activating kinases cyclins inhibiting kinases Rb Mad and Bub proteins
- Phagocytosis: Multiple Choice is the ingestion of particles and may be performed by animal cells. is the ingestion of particles and may be performed by bacteria. is the secretion of proteins from a bacterium into the environment. is the formation of a lysosome filled with peroxides.Bacteriophage is added to a culture of human T cells and none of the human T cells were infected by bacteriophage. Why? T cells do not have the proper protein machinery to carry out transcription and translation of bacteriophage genes. T cells do not have the corresponding cell surface receptors that are recognized by bacteriophage viruses. T cells have a thick outer cell wall that blocks bacteriophage infection. T cells do not carry out DNA replication and thus are not good hosts for the bacteriophage viruses.In addition to phagocytosis, neutrophils use a process called NETs. Which one of the following describes this process? A. NETs is a neutrophil process that activates the complement system of proteins, which destroys pathogens. B. NETs are chemicals secreted by neutrophils that trigger the rapid maturation of lymphoid stem cells into lymphocytes. C. A net-like structure of DNA, histones, lactoferrins, gelatinase, cathepsin G, and myeloperoxidase is secreted at pathogens. Together these chemicals destroy pathogens. D. NETs works when neutrophils secrete major basic proteins onto pathogens, destroying the pathogens' cell membranes.
- The adaptive immune system developed a strategy for monitoring the proteins synthesized in virtually any cell in the body, thereby preventing pathogens from ‘hiding out’ by adopting an intracellular lifestyle. To accomplish this, the immune system: Co-opted the ubiquitin-proteasome system used by cell for protein turnover Created a novel pathway using the immunoproteasome for generating peptides Created a novel pathway to express foreign proteins on the cell surface Took advantage of proteolytic enzymes present in endocytic vesiclesThe Fas ligand is most analogous to which of these proteins from the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis? Apaf-1 Bax Cytochrome c initiator caspaseThe human immune system includes a number of specialized cells. Suggest the activity of the macrophage based on your understanding of cell processes. The macrophage • a) produces large antibody proteins. 9 • b) uses pinocytosis to drink solutes. . 12 • c) engulfs and digests bacteria and other pathogens 15 d) has specific receptor proteins that allow the capture of antigens.